2. Plant Species Of Buena Vista Lagoon

3. Bird Species Of Buena Vista Lagoon Ecological Reserve And Vicinity

4. Bird Guilds Of Marsh And Shoreline Habitats, Buena Vista Lagoon Ecological Reserve, 1985-1998

5. Bird Guilds And Species Of Open Water Habitat, Buena Vista Lagoon Ecological Reserve, 1985-1998

6. Observed Or Expected Rare, Threatened Or Endangered Species At Buena Vista Lagoon

7. Sensitive Amphibian And Reptile Species Of Buena Vista Lagoon Ecological Reserve

8. Sensitive Mammal Species Of Buena Vista Lagoon Ecological Reserve

9. Sensitive Bird Species Of Buena Vista Lagoon Ecological Reserve

10. Annotated Bibliography of Reference Publications

1. CHRONOLOGY OF BUENA VISTA LAGOON

A summary of important dates, compiled from Department of Fish and Game records in Long Beach and from a proposal for a Buena Vista Lagoon State Park prepared early in 1966 by the Buena Vista Lagoon State Park Committee of Carlsbad and Oceanside, published by the Buena Vista Lagoon Foundation.

1769 The first record of the lagoon is found in the diary of Fr. Juan Crespit who accompanied Don Gaspar de Portola on his military mission from San Diego to Monterey:

ÒMonday, July 17^th Ð At three in the afternoon we left the camp (now Batiquitos Lagoon), following the valley in a continued directionÉ (After crossing Agua Hedionda Creek) we continued on our way in the same northerly direction, over hills and broad mesas supplied with good pasture, and after about one more leagueÕs travel we descended to a small, very green valley, which has a narrow plain some fifty varas wide. We pitched camp on the slope of the valley on the west side. The water is collected in pools, and we noticed that it flowed out of several springs, forming about it marshed, or stagnant pools, covered with rushes and grass. We named this place Santa Sintrosa (now Buena Vista Creek and Lagoon).Ó

1939 A young Carlsbad resident, Maxton Brown, later killed during World War II, secured the support of 135 organizations in Carlsbad, Encinitas, Oceanside and Vista in obtaining a county ordinance that prohibited shooting around the lagoon, thus, in effect, making it a bird sanctuary.

The Buena Vista Lagoon Association was formed by property owners adjacent to the lagoon. The association provided financial support for the sanctuary and erected signs for tourist information.

1940 Property owners around the lagoon and other interested citizens installed water pipes and flood control gates to regulate the water level in the lagoon, thus assuring a year round water supply.

1950Õs The Buena Vista Lagoon Association had acquired approximately 85 acres of submerged land in the lagoon and successfully assured the continuance of the area as a stopping point for migrating birds and as a haven for those that remained throughout the year.

1961 The Buena Vista Lagoon Association conveyed title to 81.70 acres of lagoon property to The Nature Conservancy, a nationwide, nonprofit conservation organization dedicated to the preservation of vanishing natural lands. The Nature Conservancy then joined the Association in efforts to save the remaining portions of the lagoon.

1962 The Bird Island Development Corporation submitted a proposal to the City of Oceanside to fill and develop areas in the lagoon. Local citizens and conservation groups opposed the project. The Department of Fish and Game requested the city to maintain the lagoon as a unique wildlife area.

1965-67 The Association, Conservancy and the cities of Oceanside and Carlsbad proposed that the State Department of Parks and Recreation acquire the lagoon. A Buena Vista Lagoon State Park Committee was formed. Hundreds of letters and petitions requested the state to develop a state park. In February, 1966, House Resolution No. 10 by Assemblyman Hale Ashcraft authorized the Department of Parks and Recreation to make a feasibility study. The study was completed in December, 1966. It recommended that the lagoon be included in the park system, but there were not sufficient funds in the Park Land Act of 1964 to acquire the land.

1965 By this time the discharge of effluent and industrial waste into the lagoon has ceased. Drainage from agricultural land and Buena Vista Creek had become the main source of water for the lagoon. Maintaining a satisfactory water level during drought years became a problem.

In November the Buena Vista Lagoon Committee made up of city officials, Nature Conservancy and citizens met with the Department of Fish and Game and reviewed the status of the lagoon Ð water requirements, tax status, cleanup and maintenance of the area, ordinances and the filling of marsh land west of Jefferson Street. San Diego CountyÕs Perliminary Regional General Plan listed the lagoon as a regional park.

On November 28 the Department of Fish and Game accepted recommendations from its Southern California office in Long Beach that an acquisition program begin and that the Department accept Nature Conservancy property.

1968 April 26 the Fish and Game Commission authorized the Department to lease approximately 80 acres of land and water owned by The Nature Conservancy, with lease payments applied toward purchase.

In May the Department began discussions with the Division of Highways to modify its design of Interstate 5 or mitigate for any loss of marsh habitat.

On August 9 Dr. Roy Palmeteer called a meeting of the Buena Vista Lagoon Association to discuss a proposed subdivision called Lake St. Malo Unit No. 1, that would have filled 16 acres of the lagoon. A subdivision map was scheduled to be presented to the Oceanside Planning Commission for approval. Fish and Game representatives and Richard Vanek, Administrative Assistant to Assemblyman John Stull, attended the meeting. (Assemblyman StullÕs Ecological Reserve Bill was being considered at this time in the state Legislature.)

On August 19 the Oceanside Planning Commission met to consider the subdivision map for Lake St. Malo, Uni No. 1. The developers argued for acceptance of the plan, and the Association, Conservancy and Department of Fish and Game argued for retention of the lagoon as a natural area. The matter was continued until September 3, 1968.

On August 30 the Buena Vista Lagoon Association and Department met with the Lake Shore Developrs for discussion of the project.

On September 17 the Oceanside City Planning Commission met to consider the subdivision map. Approximately 200 people appeared; most opposed to development. The Carlsbad Journal had published editorials recommending against the development and a representative from the National Audobon Society testified in opposition. The Planning Commission denied the subdivision map on grounds it did not meet all necessary restrictions.

On August 22 the Department of Fish and Game requested the Fish and Game Commission to classify Nature Conservancy land as an Ecological Reserve, pending effective date of legislation introduced by John Stull, then an assemblyman. Assemby Bill 1660 was passed by the Legislature and became law late in 1968.

The Wildlife conservation Board began negotiations in October to acquire 60 acres of land owned by Palomar Savings and Loan. This was land which was to have been filled and built upon by Lake Shore Developers.

On October 4 the California Fish and Game Commission classified part of the lagoon as an ecological reserve. This became effective November 13, 1968. It was the stateÕs first ecological reserve.

In October owners of lagoon property known as Buena Vista, Ltd., expressed intereste in selling their land (33 acres) to the state.

1969 In April the Wildlife Conservation Board and Federal Bureau of Outdoor Recreation representatives inspected the lagoon in anticipation of acquisition of the Palomar Savings and Loan property. The Federal Bureau of Outdoor Recreation would supply matching funds from its Land and Water Conservation Fund.

On June 2 the Wildlife Conservation Board purchased 60 acres of the Palomar Savings and Loan property in the middle section of the lagoon.

In July the City of Carlsbad notified the Department that the water control structure had been washed out during the winter floods of 1969. A new structure was necessary. Negotiations with various landowners began. A solution was needed to finance a new water control.

In August the Oceanside Planning Commission met regarding rezoning of the land owned by Buena Vista, Ltd. Two hundred and fifty protesters filled the city hall. The Planning Commission voted to rezone thearea and permit possible development.

In November the Oceanside City Council overruled the Planning Commission.

On December 10 Henry J. Tenaglia presented a statement to the Oceanside City Council that led to solution of the reconstruction of the water control structure on the lagoon. The Nature Conservancy and the two cities raised $19,941 to construct the weir, and the owners of the Army and Navy Academy and St. Malo dedicated in fee or grant an 80-foot easement from the mouth of the lagoon to the train tracks which totaled two acres of valuable land. This action assisted the Wildlife Conservation Board in continuing its acquisition program.

1970 On January 9 the California Fish and Game Commission classified 60 more acres of the lagoon as an ecological reserve. This was the St. Malo Development Company land that the Wildlife Conservation Board acquired from Palomar Savings and Loan.

In February the City of Oceanside issued a grading permit to allow filling of a northeast section of the lagoon. The city had no choice but to issue the permit. Conservation groups again protested any development.

1971 No major changes occurred. Various land projects were examined and negotiations involving carious agencies continued. The water level in the lagoon was a concern during the summer of 1971.

1972 Early this year land fills were made in the marsh area northeast of Jefferson Street and southwest of the train tracks. The Deparment of Fish and Game took legal action to stop the fill and required landowners to comply with Fish and Game laws.

Improvements were made on Jefferson Street along with the major highway development on Route 78. With increased development northeast of Jefferson more marsh property was filled for construction of a shopping center. In all about 100 acres of valuable habitat were lost.

In April the Wildlife Conservation Board contacted Bernard Citron for discussion of acquisition of the property in the northeast end of the lagoon.

The Department of Fish and Game sought ways for property owners to mitigate for a portion of marsh area that was filled east of Jefferson Street and a small area filled by the State Division of Highways. The concept of placing small bird islands in the lagoon was refined from a suggestion first put forth by the Buena Vista Lagoon State Park Committee. Check weirs were to be located in the remaining water channel entering the lagoon.

The Association, Nature Conservancy, and the two cities were contacted regarding an overall management plan for the lagoon.

On December 20 the Wildlife Conservation Board purchased 23 acres of the north end of the lagoon west of Jefferson. The property owner also paid $25,000 for development of 3.5 acres of marsh islands in settlement of a state suit for filling a marsh area east of Jefferson Street.

1973 On January 9 the Wildlife Conservation Board purchased 33 acres of Buena Vista, Ltd., property adjacent to Conservancy property at the north end of the lagoon.

In May the two cities met with the Department of Fish and Game regarding management coordination. The cities were to provide trash containers and help keep the lagoon clean. The Department was to post the area.

1974 In July The Nature Conservancy deeded 74 acres of island over to the Wildlife Conservation Board. This significant gift was appraised at $462,000 and made up 39 percent of the Ecological Reserve. This completed the current acquisition program of the Wildlife Conservation Board. A total of 190 acres is under State Department of Fish and Game control. The Wildlife Conservation Board has paid $798,500 for lagoon property. The Buureau of Outdoor Recreation in matching funds from the Federal Land and Water Conservation Fund provided $652,926 to the Wildlife Conservation Board as its part in preserving the Buena Vista Lagoon.

In December the Department of Fish and Game began management of the lagoon and development of a long-term plan.

1975 In February the Department of Fish and Game examined methods to control water level in the lagoon plus possible pollution problems. State and local health departments were to conduct larvae and adult midge surveillance.

On May 30 the Fish and Game Commission classified the last 110 acres as an Ecological Reserve. The Buena Vista Lagoon now totaled 190 acres.

1976 In June the Department of Health reported to Senator Stull on the midge problem. Solutions under consideration were: biological control through fish management; changing the quality of the water through tidal flushing; removal of bottom ooze breeding media originating from past sewage effluent discharges; reducing the attracting of adult midges to homes by manipulating artificial light sources; the use of insecticides for controlling midge larvae in the lagoon; maintenance of the present ecosystem without change; or combinations of these methods.

On July 12 the Department of Fish and Game approved the use of Baytex to control mosquitoes. The use was granted under a strict control situation. The San Diego County Vector Control Agency was asked to minimize any adverse impact on the reserve and the Department of Fish and Game would work with their staff in resolving this problem.

1978 In September, 2.6 acres of land were added to the Ecological Reserve. The land was previously owned by the California Department of Transportation.

1979-80 Winter storms inundated the upper lagoon with sediments washed down from the watershed. The governor proclaimed San Diego County in a state of emergency because of these storms. As a result of this damage, application was made to the federal government for funds to restore and repair the lagoon. This request and a subsequent appeal were denied.

Upon the encouragement of the City of Carlsbad and others a Buena Vista Lagoon Action Committee was formed chaired by Mr. Anthony Skotnicki. The committee was made up of appointed citizens, City Council liaison people, and representatives from various organizations within the Tri-City area (Carlsbad, Oceanside, and Vista). The basic goal of the committee was to investigate means to obtain money for lagoon restoration.

1981 The Department of Fish and Game began to investigate and document current erosion control practices in the Buena Vista Lagoon watershed. This effort was undertaken to encourage the cities of Carlsbad, Oceanside and Vista to strengthen and enforce grading ordinances in an attempt to lessen damage to the lagoon due to unwanted sedimentation.

One million dollars was appropriated for a lagoon repair and restoration project. One half of the money came from the Department of Fish and Game budget (Energy Resources Fund) and the other one half came from Senate Bill 13 (Craven).

As a result of this funding, Department personnel embarked on a course of action to repair and restore the lagoon. Preparation of conceptual plans, soil analysis, and application for necessary permits were among the tasks begun. Additionally, the decision was made to enter into a cooperative agreement with the City of Carlsbad. Via this agreement the Department would provide the money for the project and the City would prepare final project plans and specifications, and administer the contract.

The California Coastal Conservancy began staff work concerning the Buena Vista Lagoon. The main thrust of this work was to ascertain whether or not the Conservancy could be of assistance in planning and funding for a watershed-wide management effort for the lagoon.

The size of the Ecological Reserve was expanded by approximately 4.6 acres with the dedication of a parcel of land owned by John Zanderson. The parcel was made into a passive-type park with a kiosk containing wildlife information and was part of a mitigation package for adjacent development.

A Buena Vista Lagoon Tri-City Advisory Committee was formed. The members of the committee are one Council member and one staff member from each of the cities of Carlsbad, Oceanside and Vista. The committee will review and investigate a wide range of matters such as ordinances, other organization actions, and other occurrences within the watershed affecting the Buena Vista Lagoon. Recommendations will be made to each City Council as appropriate.

1982 The Buena Vista Lagoon Foundation was formed. The purpose of the non-profit organization is to work to conserve and restore the Buena Vista Lagoon. To create greater public awareness and promote the educational potential of the lagoon are also key goals of the Foundation.

The State Coastal Conservancy allotted $40,000 to develop a watershed enhancement plan for the Buena Vista Lagoon watershed.

Continued by the Buena Vista Lagoon Foundation

2. PLANT SPECIES OF BUENA VISTA LAGOON

Plants of Buena Vista Lagoon

Species Common Name Basin Location Native/Exotic

Agrostis stotonifera European Redtop Central Exotic

Acacia longifoliva Golden wattle East Exotic

Aeonium arboreum None Central/East Exotic

Ailanthus altissima Tree of heaven East Exotic

Amaranthus blitoides Prostrate Amaranth Central Native

Ambrosia psilostachya Western ragweed All Native

Apium gravedens Celery East/West Exotic

Aptenia corifolia Red Apple Ice Plant Central Exotic

Arctostaphylos sp. Manzanita Nature Center Cult. Native

Artemisia douglasiana Mugwort West Native

Artemesia pycnocephala Coastal sagewort Nature Center Cult. Native

Artemesia californica California sagebrush All Native

Asparagus asparagoides Smilax All Exotic

Asparagus setaceus Fern Asparagus Central Exotic

Aster subulatus Slim Aster Central/West Native

Atriplex lentiformis Big saltbush All Native

Atriplex patula Spear oracle East Native

Atripex semibaccata Australian Saltbush East/Central Exotic

Avena barbata Slender wild oat All Exotic

Baccharis salicifolia Mule fat West Native

Baccharis pilularis Chapparral Broom East Native

Baccharis sarothroides Broom Baccharis All Native

Bassia hyssopifolia None Central/East Exotic

Bidens laevis Bur-marigold Nature Center Cult. Native

Brassica nigra Black Mustard All Exotic

Bromus madritensis Foxtail chess East Exotic

Cakile maritima Sea rocket West Native

Carex sp. Sedge All Native

Carpobrotus edulus Ice Plant All Exotic

Guillenia lasiophyllus California Mustard All Native

Ceanothus tomentosus California Lilac Nature Center Cult. Native

Cercis occidentalis Western redbud Nature Center Cult. Native

Ceratophyllum demersum Hornwort All basins submerged Native

Chenopodium rubrum Red Goosefoot Central Native

Chenopodium californica Soap plant Central Native

Cictus purpureus Rock rose Nature Center Cult. Native

Cleome isomeris Bladderpod Central Exotic

Comarostaphylis diversifolia Summer Holly Nature Center Cult. Native

Coreopsis gigantea Giant Coreopsis Nature Center Cult. Native

Cotula astralus Brass-Buttons East Exotic

Cortaderia selloana Pampas Grass All Exotic

Crassula tetragoria None Central Exotic

Cressa trusillensis Alkali Weed West/Central Native

Cyprus niger Nutsedge West/Central Native

Cupressus macrocarpa Monterey Cyprus Nature Center Cult. Native

Croton californicus California Croton Central Native

Datura wrightii Thorn-apple East Native

Disticulus spicata Salt Grass All Native

Dudleya lanceolata Coastal dudleya West/Central Native

Echium fastuosum Pride of Madera West Exotic

Encelia californica Incienso All Native

Eriogonum giganteum St. CatherineÕs lace Nature Center Cult. Native

Eriogonum fasciculatum Buckwheat West Native

Eucalyptus globules Blue Gum Central Exotic

Eucalyptus polyanthemos Red Box East/Central Exotic

Eugenia uniflora Temu East Exotic

Finiculum vulgre Fennel All Exotic

Frankenia grandifolia Alkali heath All Native

Galvezia speciosa Is. Bush-snapdragon Nature Center Cult. Native

Grevilla robusta Silk Oak Central Exotic

Helitrophum currassavicum Seaside heliotrope East Native

Heminozoia fasciculata Golden tarweed All Native

Heteromeles arbutifolia Toyon East/Nature C Native

Heterotheca grandiflora Telegraph weed All Native

Isocoma menziesii S. D. Goldenbush All Native

Isomeris arborea bladder pod Nature Center Cult. Native

Jaumea carnosa Salty susan All Native

Juncus sp. All Native

Juncus acutus spiny rush All Native

Lampranthus sp. Ice Plant West/Central Exotic

Lantana montevidensis none West Exotic

Phyla incisa none West Native

Lyonothamnus floribundus Catalina Ironwood Central Cult. Native

Lavatera assurgentiafbra Malva Rosa Central Cult. Native

Limonium perezil Statice Nature Center Exotic

Limonium californicum W. marsh rosemary West/Central Native

Lobularia maritima Sweet alyssum East Exotic

Lotus scoparius Deer Weed West/Central Native

Lupinus succulentus Arroyo lupine East Native

Limonium californicum Marsh rosemary Central/West Native

Melaleuca sp. None West Exotic

Myoporum laetum None West Exotic

Berberis nervosa Barberry Central/ Nature Center Native

Malacothamnus fasciculatus Chaparral mallow West/Nature Center Cult. Native

Malosma laurina Laural sumac East/Nature Center Native

Malvella leprosa Alkali Mallow Central/West Native

Marah sp. Wild Cucumber East/West Exotic

Medicago sativa Alphalfa All Exotic

Melilotus indicus Indian Sweet Clover Central Exotic

Mesembryanthemum rodiflorum Little iceplant Central/East Exotic

Mesembryanthemum chilense Sea-fig All Exotic

Najas marina Spiny Naiad East submerged Native

Nerium oleander Oleander Central Exotic

Nicotiana glauca Tree tobacco All Exotic

Opuntia basilaris Beavertail Cactus All Native

Opuntia littoralis Coastal Prickly Pear Central/West Native

Osteospermus ecklonis African Daisy East Exotic

Palms Mexican Fan, ect.. All Exotic

Pinus muricata Bishop Pine Central Native

Pinus radiata Monterey pine Nature Center Cult. Native

Pinus halepinsis Aleppo Pine Central Exotic

Pinus torreyana Torrey Pine Nature Center Cult. Native

Plumbago auriculata Cape Leadwort Central Exotic

Paspalum dilatatum Dallis grass West Exotic

Pinus radiata Monterey Pine Central Ca. Native

Pluchea odorata Arrow Weed East Native

Picris echionides Bristly ox-tongue West Exotic

Pennisetum setaceum None East Exotic

Pelargonium sp. Geranium East Exotic

Plantago lanceolata English plantain West Exotic

Platanus racemosa Western sycamore Central Native

Polypogon monspeliensis Beard Grass All Exotic

Populus fremontii Cottonwood Central/East/N.C. Native

Prunus lyonni Catilina Cherry Nature Center Cult. Native

Quercus ilex Holly Oak Central Exotic

Raphanus sativus Wild Raddish All Exotic

Ribes sp. Gooseberry Nature Center Cult. Native

Ricinus communis Caster Bean All Exotic

Rhamnus californica Coffeeberry Nature Center Cult. Native

Rhus integrifolia Lemonade berry All Native

Romney coulteri Matillija poppy Nature Center Cult. Native

Roubieva multifida Cut-leaved goosefoot Central Exotic

Rumix crispis Curley Dock All Exotic

Ruppia maritima Ruppia All/submerged Native

Salix lasiolepus Arryo willow East/Central Native

Salix nigra Black willow East/Central Native

Salsola tragus Russian thistle Central/3 East Exotic

Salicornia virginica Pickleweed All Native

Salicornia subtermanalis Pickleweed N.C./East islands Native

Salvia apiana White sage Nature Center/West Native

Salvia mellifera Black sage Nature Center Cult. Native

Salvia leucophylla Purple sage Nature Center Cult. Native

Salvia clevelandii Cleveland sage Nature Center Cult. Native

Schinus terebinthifulius Brazilian Pepper All Exotic

Scirpus robustus Bulrush East/Central Native

Scirpus sp. Bulrush All Native

Selaginella bigelovii BigelowÕs mossfern East Native

Sesuvium verrucosum Sea-pursland Nature Center Native

Solanum americanum Nettle East Native

Suaeda californica California sea-blite East Native

Sysrinchin bellum Blue eyed grass Nature Center Cult. Native

Tamarisk parviflora Small Flowering All Exotic

Tessaria sericea Desert Arrow Weed All Native

Tradescantia fluminensis Spiderwort East Exotic

Tetragonia tetergonides Spinach East Exotic

Typha sp. Cattail All Native

Vitis girdiana Grape vine Nature Center Cult. Native

Xanthum stromatum Cockleburr All Exotic

3. BIRD SPECIES OF BUENA VISTA LAGOON ECOLOGICAL RESERVE AND VICINITY

Nest Status Codes:

S = suitable habitat for breeding

P = possible breeding indicated by behavior

C = confirmed breeding

prev = previously confirmed breeding but no recent records

Source Codes:

A = Buena Vista Audubon Society data

M = San Diego Natural History Museum data

O = other source of data, eg. incidental sightings, DFG reports, etc.

*** = no data but anticipated due to suitable habitat

Status Codes:

1 = federal or state listing as endangered or threatened

2 = federal or state candidate for listing, or species of special concern

3 = nongovernmental listing as sensitive (Audubon Society, SDNHM, etc.)

Common Name	Scientific Name		Nest	Source	Status
Loons
Red-throated Loon	Gavia stellata			A M
Pacific Loon	Gavia pacifica			A M
Common Loon	Gavia immer			A M	2
Grebes
Pied-billed Grebe	Podilymbus podiceps		C	A M
Horned Grebe	Podiceps auritus			A M	3
Eared Grebe	Podiceps nigricollis			A M
Western Grebe	Aechmophorus occidentalis		C	A M	3
Clark's Grebe	Aechmophorus clarkii		S	A M
Shearwaters
Pink-footed Shearwater	Puffinus creatopus			M
Sooty Shearwater	Puffinus griseus			A
Black-vented Shearwater	Puffinus opisthomelas			M
Pelicans
American White Pelican	Pelecanus erythrorhynchos			A M	2
Brown Pelican	Pelecanus occidentalis			A M	1
Cormorants
Brandt's Cormorant	Phalacrocorax penicillatus			M
Double-crested Cormorant	Phalacrocorax auritus			A M	2
Herons, Bitterns, Egrets
Tricolored Heron	Egretta tricolor			M
Snowy Egret	Egretta thula		C	A M	3
Great Blue Heron	Ardea herodias			A M	3
Great Egret	Ardea alba			A M	3
Cattle Egret	Egretta ibis			A M
Green Heron	Butorides striatus		S	A M	3
Black-crowned Night Heron	Nycticorax nycticorax		C?	A M	3
Least Bittern	Ixobrychus exilis		C?	A M	2
American Bittern	Botaurus lentiginosus			A M	2
Storks
Wood Stork	Mycteria americana			M	2
Ibises
White-faced Ibis	Plegadis chihi		prev	A	2
Ducks, Geese, Swans
Tundra Swan	Cygnus columbianus			M
Greater White-fronted Goose	Anser albifrons			A
Snow Goose	Anser caerulescens			A M
Ross' Goose	Anser rossii			A M
Canada Goose	Branta canadensis		C	A M
Brant	Branta bernicla			A
Wood Duck	Aix sponsa			A
Eurasian Wigeon	Anas penelope			A
American Wigeon	Anas americana			A M
Gadwall	Anas strepera		C	A M	3
Green-winged Teal	Anas crecca			A
Mallard	Anas platyrhynchos		C	A M
Northern Pintail	Anas acuta			A M
Blue-winged Teal	Anas discors			A
Cinnamon Teal	Anas cyanoptera			A M
Northern Shoveler	Anas clypeata			A M
Canvasback	Aythya valisineria			A M	3
Redhead	Aythya americana		C	A M	3
Ring-necked Duck	Aythya collaris			A M
Greater Scaup	Aythya marila			O
Lesser Scaup	Aythya affinis			A M
Black Scoter	Melanitta nigra			M
Surf Scoter	Melanitta perspicillata			A M
Common Goldeneye	Bucephala clangula			M
Bufflehead	Bucephala albeola			A M
Hooded Merganser	Mergus cucullatus			M
Red-breasted Merganser	Mergus serrator			A M
Ruddy Duck	Oxyura jamaicensis		C	A M
New World Vultures
Turkey Vulture		Cathartes aura		A M	3
Hawks, Kites, Eagles
Osprey		Pandion haliaetus		A M	2
White-tailed Kite		Elanus leucurus		A M	2
Northern Harrier		Circus cyaneus		A M	2
Sharp-shinned Hawk		Accipiter striatus		A M	2
Cooper's Hawk		Accipiter cooperii	S	A M	2
Red-shouldered Hawk		Buteo lineatus	S	A M	3
Red-tailed Hawk		Buteo jamaicensis		A M
Golden Eagle		Aquila chrysaetos		A	2
Falcons
American Kestrel		Falco sparverius	C	A M
Merlin		Falco columbarius		A	2
Peregrine Falcon		Falco peregrinus		O	1
New World Quail
California Quail		Callipepla californica		A M
Rails, Gallinules, Coots
Light-footed Clapper Rail		Rallus longirostris	C	A M	1
Virginia Rail		Rallus limicola	S	A M
Sora		Porzana carolina		A M
Common Moorhen		Gallinula chloropus	C	A M
American Coot		Fulica americana	C	A M
Plovers
Black-bellied Plover		Pluvialis squatarola		A M
Semipalmated Plover		Charadrius semipalmatus		A M
Killdeer		Charadrius vociferus	C	A M
Snowy Plover		Charadrius alexandrinus	Prev	A M	1
Stilts, Avocets
Black-necked Stilt		Himantopus mexicanus	S	A M
American Avocet		Recurvirostra americana	S	A M	3
Sandpipers, Phalaropes
Common Snipe		Gallinago gallinago		A M
Marbled Godwit		Limosa fedoa		A M
Whimbrel		Numenius phaeopus		A M
Long-billed Curlew		Numenius americanus		A	2
Greater Yellowlegs		Tringa melanoleuca		A M
Lesser Yellowlegs		Tringa flavipes		A
Spotted Sandpiper		Tringa macularia	S	A M
Wandering Tattler		Tringa incana		M
Willet		Catoptrophorus semipalmatus		A M
Ruddy Turnstone		Arenaria interpres		A M
Black Turnstone		Arenaria melanocephala		O
Short-billed Dowitcher		Limnodromus griseus		A
Long-billed Dowitcher		Limnodromus scolopaceus		A M
Surfbird		Aphriza virgata		M
Sanderling		Calidris alba		A M
Western Sandpiper		Calidris mauri		A
Least Sandpiper		Calidris minutilla		A
BairdÕs Sandpiper		Calidris bairdii		M
Dunlin		Calidris alpina		A
WilsonÕs Phalarope		Phalaropus tricolor		A
Red-necked Phalarope		Phalaropus lobatus		A
Red Phalarope		Phalaropus fulicaria		O
Gulls, Terns, Skimmers
Pomarine Jaeger		Stercorarius pomarinus		M
Parasitic Jaeger		Stercorarius parasiticus		M
Heermann's Gull		Larus heermanni		A M
Mew Gull		Larus canus		M
Ring-billed Gull		Larus delawarensis		A M
California Gull		Larus californicus		A M	2
Glaucous-winged Gull		Larus glaucescens		A M
Western Gull		Larus occidentalis		A M
Thayer's Gull		Larus thayeri		***
Herring Gull		Larus argentatus		A M
Bonaparte's Gull		Larus philadelphia		A M
Laughing Gull		Larus atricilla		M	2
Caspian Tern		Sterna caspia		A M	3
Royal Tern		Sterna maxima		A M
Elegant Tern		Sterna elegans		A M	2
Common Tern		Sterna hirundo		A
Forster's Tern		Sterna forsteri		A M	3
California Least Tern		Sterna antillarum brownii	prev	A M	1
Black Tern		Chlidonias niger		M	2
Black Skimmer		Rhynchops niger		M	2
Pigeons & Doves
Rock Dove		Columba livia	S	A M	(non-native)
Spotted Dove		Streptopelia chinensis		A	(non-native)
Mourning Dove		Zenaida macroura	P	A M
Roadrunners
Greater Roadrunner		Geococcyx californianus		A M	3
Owls
Barn Owl		Tyto alba	C?	M	3
Western Screech Owl		Otus kennicottii		O
Great Horned Owl		Bubo virginianus		M
Burrowing Owl		Speotyto cunicularia		O	2
Nighthawks
Common Poorwill		Phalaenoptilus nuttallii		O
Swifts
Vaux's Swift		Chaetura vauxi		A	2
White-throated Swift		Aeronautes saxatalis		A M
Hummingbirds
Black-chinned Hummingbird		Archilochus alexandri	S	A M
Anna's Hummingbird		Archilochus anna	S	A M
CostaÕs Hummingbird		Calypte costae		O
Rufous Hummingbird		Selasphorus rufus		A	2
AllenÕs Hummingbird		Selasphorus sasin		A	3
Kingfishers
Belted Kingfisher		Ceryle alcyon		A M
Woodpeckers
Red-naped Sapsucker		Sphyrapicus nuchalis		O
Red-breasted Sapsucker		Sphyrapicus ruber		M
Nuttall's Woodpecker		Dendrocopos nuttallii	S	A M	3
Downy Woodpecker		Dendrocopos pubescens		M	3
Hairy Woodpecker		Dendrocopos villosus		M	3
Northern Flicker		Colaptes auratus		A M
Tyrant Flycatchers
Olive-sided Flycatcher		Contopus borealis		A	2
Western Wood Pewee		Contopus sordidulus		A	3
Willow Flycatcher		Empidonax trailii		***	1
HammondÕs Flycatcher		Empidonax hammondi		***
Pacific Slope Flycatcher		Empidonax difficilis		A
Say's Phoebe		Sayornis saya		A M
Black Phoebe		Sayornis nigricans	S	A M
Ash-throated Flycatcher		Myiarchus cinerascens		A M
Cassin's Kingbird		Tyrannus vociferans	C	A M
Western Kingbird		Tyrannus verticalis		A M
Shrikes
Loggerhead Shrike		Lanius ludovicianus		A M	2
Vireos
Least BellÕs Vireo		Vireo bellii		***	1
Hutton's Vireo		Vireo huttoni		A M
Plumbeous Vireo		Vireo plumbeus		O
Warbling Vireo		Vireo gilvus		O	3
Crows, Jays
Scrub Jay		Aphelocoma californica		A M
American Crow		Corvus brachyrhynchos	C	A M
Common Raven		Corvus corax		A M
Larks
Horned Lark		Eremophila alpestris	S	A M	2
Swallows
Tree Swallow		Tachycineta bicolor		A M
Violet-green Swallow		Tachycineta thalassina		A M
Northern Rough-winged Swallow		Stelgidopteryx serripennis	S	A M
Bank Swallow		Riparia riparia		O	1
Barn Swallow		Hirundo rustica	C	A M
Cliff Swallow		Hirundo pyrrhonota	C	A M
Wrentit; Chickadees, Titmice
Wrentit		Chamaea fasciata		A M
Mountain Chickadee		Parus gambeli		A M
Oak Titmouse		Baeolophus inornatus		M	3
Bushtits
Bushtit		Aegithalos minimus	C	A M
Creepers
Brown Creeper		Certhia americana		O
Wrens
Rock Wren		Salpinctes obsoletus		A
Marsh Wren		Cistothorus palustris	C	A M
Bewick's Wren		Troglodytes bewickii		A M	3
House Wren		Troglodytes aedon		A M
Kinglets, Gnatcatchers
Ruby-crowned Kinglet		Regulus calendula		A M
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher		Polioptila caerulea		A M	2
California Gnatcatcher		Polioptila californica		A M	1
Thrushes, Robins
Western Bluebird		Sialia mexicana		M	3
SwainsonÕs Thrush		Catharus ustulatus		M
Hermit Thrush		Catharus guttatus		A M
American Robin		Turdus migratorius		A M
Starlings
European Starling		Sturnus vulgaris	C	A M	(non-native)
Mockingbirds, Thrashers
Northern Mockingbird		Mimus polyglottos	C	A M
California Thrasher		Toxostoma redivivum	C	A M
Pipits
American Pipit		Anthus rubescens		A M
Waxwings
Cedar Waxwing		Bombycilla cedrorum		A M
Wood-Warblers
Orange-crowned Warbler		Vermivora celata		A M
Yellow Warbler		Dendroica petechia		O	2
Nashville Warbler		Vermivora ruficapilla		A
Yellow-rumped Warbler		Dendroica coronata		A M
Black-throated Gray Warbler		Dendroica nigrescens		A
Townsend's Warbler		Dendroica townsendi		A M
Hermit Warbler		Dendroica occidentalis		O	3
Blackpoll Warbler		Dendroica striata		A
Black-and-White Warbler		Mniotilta varia		***
American Redstart		Setophaga ruticilla		A
Macgillivray's Warbler		Geothlypis tolmiei		A
Common Yellowthroat		Geothlypis trichas	C	A M
Wilson's Warbler		Wilsonia pusilla		A M
Yellow-breasted Chat		Icteria virens		***	2
Tanagers
Western Tanager		Piranga ludoviciana		A
Towhees, Sparrows
Fox Sparrow		Zonotrichia iliaca		O
Song Sparrow		Zonotrichia melodia	C	A M
Lincoln's Sparrow		Zonotrichia lincolnii		A M
White-crowned Sparrow		Zonotrichia leucophrys		A M
Golden-crowned Sparrow		Zonotrichia atricapilla		M
Dark-eyed Junco		Junco hyemalis		A M
BeldingÕs Savannah Sparrow		Ammodramus sandwichensis beldingi	P	A M	1
Savannah Sparrow (nevadensis) migrant)		Ammodramus sandwichensis nevadensis		A
Grasshopper Sparrow		Ammodromus savannarum		O	2
Chipping Sparrow		Spizela passerina		O	3
Lark Sparrow		Chondestes grammacus		O	3
Rufous-crowned Sparrow		Aimophila ruficeps		A	2
Spotted Towhee		Pipilo maculatus	S	A M
California Towhee		Pipilo crissalis	P	A M
Grosbeaks, Passerina Buntings
Black-headed Grosbeak		Pheucticus melanocephalus		A M
Blue Grosbeak		Passerina caerulea		A	3
Lazuli Bunting		Passerina amoena		O
Blackbirds, Orioles
Hooded Oriole		Icterus cucullatus	C	A M
Bullock's Oriole		Icterus bullockii		A M
Yellow-headed Blackbird		Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus		O	3
Red-winged Blackbird		Agelaius phoeniceus	C	A M
Tricolored Blackbird		Agelaius tricolor	S	A	2
Western Meadowlark		Sturnella neglecta		A M
Great-tailed Grackle		Quiscalus mexicanus	C	A M
Brewer's Blackbird		Euphagus cyanocephalus		A M
Brown-headed Cowbird		Molothrus ater	S	A
Finches
Pine Siskin		Caduelis pinus		A
American Goldfinch		Carduelis tristis	C	A M
Lesser Goldfinch		Carduelis psaltria	S	A M
LawrenceÕs Goldfinch		Carduelis lawrencei		A	3
Purple Finch		Carpodacus purpureus		A
House Finch		Carpodacus mexicanus	C	A M
Old World Sparrows
House Sparrow		Passer domesticus	C	AM	(non-native)
Introduced Exotic Species
Black Swan		Cygnus atratus		A	(non-native)
Egyptian Goose		Alopochen aegyptiacus		A	(non-native)
Chinese Goose		Anser cygnoides		A	(non-native)
Mandarin Duck		Aix galericulata		A	(non-native)
Muscovy Duck		Cairina moschata		A	(non-native)
Ruddy Shelduck		Tadorna ferruginea		A	(non-native)
Psittacid species				A	(non-native)
Black-hooded Conure		Nandayus nanday		A	(non-native)

Common Name	Scientific Name	Nest	Source	Status
Ardeids
Snowy Egret	Egretta thula	C	A M	3
Great Blue Heron	Ardea herodias		A M	3
Great Egret	Ardea alba		A M	3
Cattle Egret	Egretta ibis		A M
Green Heron	Butorides striatus	S	A M	3
Black-crowned Night Heron	Nycticorax nycticorax	C?	A M	3
Least Bittern	Ixobrychus exilis	C?	A M	2
American Bittern	Botaurus lentiginosus		A M	2
White-faced Ibis	Plegadis chihi	prev	A	2
Dabblers
Greater White-fronted Goose	Anser albifrons		A
Snow Goose	Anser caerulescens		A M
Ross' Goose	Anser rossii		A M
Canada Goose	Branta canadensis	C	A M
Brant	Branta bernicla		A
Wood Duck	Aix sponsa		A
Eurasian Wigeon	Anas penelope		A
American Wigeon	Anas americana		A M
Gadwall	Anas strepera	C	A M	3
Green-winged Teal	Anas crecca		A
Mallard	Anas platyrhynchos	C	A M
Northern Pintail	Anas acuta		A M
Blue-winged Teal	Anas discors		A
Cinnamon Teal	Anas cyanoptera		A M
Northern Shoveler	Anas clypeata		A M
Rails
Light-footed Clapper Rail	Rallus longirostris	C	A M	1
Virginia Rail	Rallus limicola	S	A M
Sora	Porzana carolina		A M
Common Moorhen	Gallinula chloropus	C	A M
Shorebirds
Black-bellied Plover	Pluvialis squatarola		A M
Semipalmated Plover	Charadrius semipalmatus		A M
Killdeer	Charadrius vociferus	C	A M
Snowy Plover	Charadrius alexandrinus	Prev	A M	1
Black-necked Stilt	Himantopus mexicanus	S	A M
American Avocet	Recurvirostra americana	S	A M	3
Common Snipe	Gallinago gallinago		A M
Marbled Godwit	Limosa fedoa		A M
Whimbrel	Numenius phaeopus		A M
Long-billed Curlew	Numenius americanus		A	2
Greater Yellowlegs	Tringa melanoleuca		A M
Lesser Yellowlegs	Tringa flavipes		A
Spotted Sandpiper	Tringa macularia	S	A M
Willet	Catoptrophorus semipalmatus		A M
Ruddy Turnstone	Arenaria interpres		A M
Short-billed Dowitcher	Limnodromus griseus		A
Long-billed Dowitcher	Limnodromus scolopaceus		A M
Sanderling	Calidris alba		A M
Western Sandpiper	Calidris mauri		A
Least Sandpiper	Calidris minutilla		A
BairdÕs Sandpiper	Calidris bairdii		M
Dunlin	Calidris alpina		A
Marsh Passerines
Marsh Wren	Cistothorus palustris	C	A M
Common Yellowthroat	Geothlypis trichas	C	A M
Song Sparrow	Zonotrichia melodia	C	A M
BeldingÕs Savannah Sparrow	Ammodramus sandwichensis beldingi	P	A M	1
Yellow-headed Blackbird	Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus		O	3
Red-winged Blackbird	Agelaius phoeniceus	C	A M
Tricolored Blackbird	Agelaius tricolor	S	A	2
Great-tailed Grackle	Quiscalus mexicanus	C	A M

Common Name	Scientific Name	Nest	Source	Status
Divers
Red-throated Loon	Gavia stellata		A M
Pacific Loon	Gavia pacifica		A M
Common Loon	Gavia immer		A M	2
Pied-billed Grebe	Podilymbus podiceps	C	A M
Horned Grebe	Podiceps auritus		A M	3
Eared Grebe	Podiceps nigricollis		A M
Western Grebe	Aechmophorus occidentalis	C	A M	3
Clark's Grebe	Aechmophorus clarkii	S	A M
Canvasback	Aythya valisineria		A M	3
Redhead	Aythya americana	C	A M	3
Ring-necked Duck	Aythya collaris		A M
Lesser Scaup	Aythya affinis		A M
Surf Scoter	Melanitta perspicillata		A M
Bufflehead	Bucephala albeola		A M
Red-breasted Merganser	Mergus serrator		A M
Ruddy Duck	Oxyura jamaicensis	C	A M
Pelicans & Cormorants
American White Pelican	Pelecanus erythrorhynchos		A M	2
Brown Pelican	Pelecanus occidentalis		A M	1
Double-crested Cormorant	Phalacrocorax auritus		A M	2
Dabblers
Greater White-fronted Goose	Anser albifrons		A
Snow Goose	Anser caerulescens		A M
Ross' Goose	Anser rossii		A M
Canada Goose	Branta canadensis	C	A M
Brant	Branta bernicla		A
Wood Duck	Aix sponsa		A
Eurasian Wigeon	Anas penelope		A
American Wigeon	Anas americana		A M
Gadwall	Anas strepera	C	A M	3
Green-winged Teal	Anas crecca		A
Mallard	Anas platyrhynchos	C	A M
Northern Pintail	Anas acuta		A M
Blue-winged Teal	Anas discors		A
Cinnamon Teal	Anas cyanoptera		A M
Northern Shoveler	Anas clypeata		A M
Rails
Common Moorhen	Gallinula chloropus	C	A M
American Coot	Fulica americana	C	A M
Gulls
Pomarine Jaeger	Stercorarius pomarinus		M
Parasitic Jaeger	Stercorarius parasiticus		M
Heermann's Gull	Larus heermanni		A M
Ring-billed Gull	Larus delawarensis		A M
California Gull	Larus californicus		A M	2
Glaucous-winged Gull	Larus glaucescens		A M
Western Gull	Larus occidentalis		A M
Herring Gull	Larus argentatus		A M
Bonaparte's Gull	Larus philadelphia		A M
Terns
Caspian Tern	Sterna caspia		A M	3
Royal Tern	Sterna maxima		A M
Elegant Tern	Sterna elegans		A M	2
Common Tern	Sterna hirundo		A
Forster's Tern	Sterna forsteri		A M	3
California Least Tern	Sterna antillarum brownii	prev	A M	1

9. SENSITIVE BIRD SPECIES OF BUENA VISTA LAGOON ECOLOGICAL RESERVE.

Nest Status Codes:

S = suitable habitat for breeding

P = possible breeding indicated by behavior

C = confirmed breeding; prev = previously confirmed breeding but no recent records

Source Codes:

A = Buena Vista Audubon Society data

M = San Diego Natural History Museum data

O = other source of data, eg. incidental sightings, DFG reports, etc.

*** = no data but anticipated due to suitable habitat.

Status Codes:

FE = federal endangered

FT = federal threatened

FSC = federal species of concern (former category 2 candidate)

FMC = federal species of management concern

CE = state endangered

CSC = state species of special concern

CFP = state fully protected

NDDB = state Natural Diversity Data Base track nest locations

WL = Partners in Flight/Audubon Society Watch List

Prev WL = listed on earlier but not current WatchList

AT = San Diego Audubon Society locally threatened species

AD = SDAS locally declining species

AS = SDAS locally sensitive species

MD = San Diego Natural History Museum locally declining species

Common Name	Scientific Name		Nest	Source	Status
Common Loon	Gavia immer			A M	FMC, CSC
Horned Grebe	Podiceps auritus			A M	Prev WL
Western Grebe	Aechmophorus occidentalis		C	A M	AS
American White Pelican	Pelecanus erythrorhynchos			A M	CSC, WL
Brown Pelican	Pelecanus occidentalis			A M	FE, CE
Double-crested Cormorant	Phalacrocorax auritus			A M	CSC
Snowy Egret	Egretta thula		C	A M	NDDB
Great Blue Heron	Ardea herodias			A M	FMC, C S
Great Egret	Ardea alba			A M	C S
Green Heron	Butorides striatus		S	A M	AD
Black-crowned Night Heron	Nycticorax nycticorax		C?	A M	ES
Least Bittern	Ixobrychus exilis		C?	A M	FSC, CSC
American Bittern	Botaurus lentiginosus			A M	FMC
Wood Stork	Mycteria americana			M	CSC
White-faced Ibis	Plegadis chihi		prev	A	FSC, CSC
Gadwall	Anas strepera		C	A M	AS
Canvasback	Aythya valisineria			A M	NDDB
Redhead	Aythya americana		C	A M	AS
Turkey Vulture		Cathartes aura		A M	AD
Osprey		Pandion haliaetus		A M	CSC
White-tailed Kite		Elanus leucurus		A M	FMC, CFP
Northern Harrier		Circus cyaneus		A M	CSC
Sharp-shinned Hawk		Accipiter striatus		A M	CSC
Cooper's Hawk		Accipiter cooperii	S	A M	CSC
Red-shouldered Hawk		Buteo lineatus	S	A M	Prev WL
Golden Eagle		Aquila chrysaetos		A	CSC
Merlin		Falco columbarius		A	CSC
Peregrine Falcon		Falco peregrinus		O	FT, ST
Light-footed Clapper Rail		Rallus longirostris	C	A M	FE, CE
Snowy Plover		Charadrius alexandrinus	Prev	A M	FT, CSC
American Avocet		Recurvirostra americana	S	A M	AS
Long-billed Curlew		Numenius americanus		A	FMC, CSC
California Gull		Larus californicus		A M	CSC
Laughing Gull		Larus atricilla		M	CSC
Caspian Tern		Sterna caspia		A M	NDDB
Elegant Tern		Sterna elegans		A M	FSC, CSC
Forster's Tern		Sterna forsteri		A M	WL
California Least Tern		Sterna antillarum brownii	prev	A M	FE, CE
Black Tern		Chlidonias niger		M	FSC, CSC
Black Skimmer		Rhynchops niger		M	CSC
Greater Roadrunner		Geococcyx californianus		A M	MD
Barn Owl		Tyto alba	C?	M	Prev WL
Burrowing Owl		Speotyto cunicularia		O	FSC, CSC
Vaux's Swift		Chaetura vauxi		A	FMC, CSC
Rufous Hummingbird		Selasphorus rufus		A	FMC, WL
AllenÕs Hummingbird		Selasphorus sasin		A	WL
Nuttall's Woodpecker		Dendrocopos nuttallii	S	A M	WL
Downy Woodpecker		Dendrocopos pubescens		M	AD
Hairy Woodpecker		Dendrocopos villosus		M	Prev WL
Olive-sided Flycatcher		Contopus borealis		A	FMC, WL
Western Wood Pewee		Contopus sordidulus		A	Prev WL
Willow Flycatcher		Empidonax trailii		***	FE, CE
Loggerhead Shrike		Lanius ludovicianus		A M	FSC, CSC
Least BellÕs Vireo		Vireo bellii		***	FE, CE
Warbling Vireo		Vireo gilvus		O	AD
Horned Lark		Eremophila alpestris	S	A M	CSC
Bank Swallow		Riparia riparia		O	CT
Oak Titmouse		Baeolophus inornatus		M	WL
Bewick's Wren		Troglodytes bewickii		A M	Prev WL
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher		Polioptila caerulea		A M	AD
California Gnatcatcher		Polioptila californica		A M	FT, CSC
Western Bluebird		Sialia mexicana		M	Prev WL
Yellow Warbler		Dendroica petechia		O	CSC
Hermit Warbler		Dendroica occidentalis		O	WL
Yellow-breasted Chat		Icteria virens		***	CSC
BeldingÕs Savannah Sparrow		Ammodramus sandwichensis beldingi	P	A M	FSC, CE
Grasshopper Sparrow		Ammodromus savannarum		O	FMC
Chipping Sparrow		Spizela passerina		O	NDDB
Lark Sparrow		Chondestes grammacus		O	Prev WL
Rufous-crowned Sparrow		Aimophila ruficeps		A	FSC, CSC
Blue Grosbeak		Passerina caerulea		A	AD
Yellow-headed Blackbird		Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus		O	NDDB
Tricolored Blackbird		Agelaius tricolor	S	A	FSC, CSC
LawrenceÕs Goldfinch		Carduelis lawrencei		A	WL

10. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF REFERENCE PUBLICATIONS

Abbott, P.L., 1999, The Rise and Fall of San Diego: 150 Million Years of History Recorded in Sedimentary Rocks, Sunbelt Publications, San Diego.

American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), 1979, Geologic Guide of San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station and Adjacent Regions of Southern California, Pacific Sections AAPG, SEPM, and SEG.

Anonymous. 1978. At the Crossroads - A Report on California's Endangered and Rare Fish and Wildlife. Tech. Memo. prepared by California Department of Fish and Game (Sacramento, California).

Anonymous. ----. Recent History of Buena Vista Lagoon. Tech. Rep. 5 pp.

This report provides anecdotal historical information about Buena Vista Lagoon. The watershed area is about 23 mi2 with an average rainfall of 10 in. Irrigation water was introduced in 1923 by bringing water from Lake Henshaw. Prior to this Buena Vista Lagoon was wet only for several months each year. Subsequently, water has come from the Colorado River. The lagoon water depth of 4-6 ft, in the main channel, was maintained by a sand berm at the mouth of the lagoon, until it over filled and spilled to the ocean. The Buena Vista Lagoon Association started in 1935 and took title to 125 acres in the Central Basin until 1960 when the title was transferred to the Nature Conservancy. The weir was constructed and its elevation (5 ft above mean high tide) established the "legal area" of the lagoon, and the property line around the lagoon. The rest of the lagoon was purchased by the State Wildlife Conservation Board and combined with the state's first ecological reserve on Oct. 4, 1968; managed by the CDFG. The City owns the nature center and surrounding land, while the CDFG owns the East, Central, and Railroad Basins of the lagoon, while the Weir Basin is owned privately. The line of posts crossing the middle East Basin is a remnant of a redwood waterline built in 1913. Fish species in the lagoon that have been stocked include bass, crappie, catfish, goldfish, and Gambusia.

Anonymous. ----. Planta of Buena Vista Lagoon. Tech. Rep. 11 pp.

This report describes a number of the plant species that occur around the lagoon and includes comments on their natural history and uses. Plant communities that occur around the lagoon include Chaparral, Riparian Woodland, Creosote Bush Scrub, Sagebrush Scrub, Redwood Forest, Joshua Tree Woodland, and Coastal Sage Scrub. Many native species of plants have been planted around the Nature Center including the following:

Galvezia speciosa Bush snapdragon

Fragaria sp. Strawberry

Lyonothamnus floribundus Catalina ironwood

Myrica Wax myrtle

Ribes Gooseberry

Ceanothus California lilac

Anonymous. 1966. Proposed Buena Vista Lagoon State Park. Tech. Rep. 25 pp.

This document proposed establishment of the Buena Vista Lagoon State Park in order to protect the property from future commercial and residential development. The proposal includes sections on a review of the History (prohibition of hunting, water level control, land acquisition, bird sanctuary); Description; Flora and Fauna; and rationale for Acquisition. A list of plant and bird species is appended.

Anonymous. 1985-1989. Buena Vista Lagoon Avian Census - Miscellaneous Data. Tech. Data. 21 pp.

This data set reports monthly presence/absence observations for 1985-1988 and abundance observations for 1988-1989 for 238 species of birds.

Anonymous. ---. Special Significance of Buena Vista Lagoon. 18 pp.

Anonymous. 1996. Buena Vista Lagoon Joint Powers Committee. Strategic Plan. 4 pp.

The Buena Vista Lagoon Joint Powers Committee prepared a Strategic Plan to improve the environmental conditions within the lagoon. The Strategic Plan outlines five fundamental goals, a series of supportive strategies, and specific objectives as summarized in Table 1. Amongst the numerous action items, the Committee has proposed to dredge the organic burden from the bed of the lagoon and to modify the weir so that it is lengthened to 24 m and its elevation is adjustable. This would reduce the freshwater discharge flow rate across the beach by 50% and provide greater ability to manage major floods. One design would enable some tidal infusion of seawater into the lagoon to create local brackish water conditions, and dry out other areas that promote production of mosquitos. An alternative design would facilitate some ebb flow scouring of the adjacent lagoon channel bed, but would not permit any inflow of seawater in the lagoon.

Table 1. Buena Vista Lagoon Strategic Plan Goals.

Goal 1. Enhance and Protect Fish, Wildlife, and Their Habitat.

á Strategy 1: Increase/protect habitat in and around the lagoon and incoming waterways and in the watershed.

á Strategy 2: Reduce unwanted species.

á Strategy 3: Improve quality of water entering the lagoon and its waterways.

á Strategy 4: Improve water quality in the lagoon.

Goal 2. Improve Water Flow Management Control Within Lagoon and Watershed.

á Strategy 5: Reduce sediment entering the lagoon.

á Strategy 6: Improve upstream flood control abilities.

á Strategy 7: Improve water flow through the system.

á Strategy 8: Implement effective water flow control at lagoon mouth.

á Strategy 9: Reduce sediment in lagoon.

Goal 3. Develop Resources and Partnerships for Enhancing and Maintaining Lagoon and Watershed.

á Strategy 10: Create, implement and maintain a united strategic plan.

á Strategy 11: Create a management plan for the lagoon and watershed.

á Strategy 12: Increase effectiveness of JPC.

á Strategy 13: Develop strategies to increase financial support for lagoon and watershed.

á Strategy 14: Take advantage of legislative opportunities.

Goal 4. Improve Environmentally Compatible Recreation.

á Strategy 15: Increase public access and uses.

Goal 5. Create an Effective, Integrated Educational and Promotional Effort.

Atwood, J. and B. Massey. 1988. Site Fidelity of Least Terns in California. Condor 90: 389-394.

Baczkowski, S. 1993. San Dieguito Lagoon Restoration Project - Regional Coastal Lagoon Resources Summary, San Onofre Marine Mitigation Program. Draft Technical Memorandum prepared for Southern California Edison Company (Rosemead, CA) by MEC Analytical Systems (Carlsbad, CA)

This report provides a synopsis of existing information on 16 coastal wetlands from Anaheim Bay to the Mexican border; including Buena Vista Lagoon. Information included for each coastal wetland is a description of existing habitat types and acreage, historic wetland acreage, abundance and species composition of aquatic invertebrates, fish, and birds, and the abundance and distribution of species of special interest. The information was developed from a review of the technical literature, analysis of aerial photographs, and historic maps.

Currently, the lagoon is a brackish/freshwater system comprised of 246 acres below the 10 ft contour. The habitat types present are summarized in Table 1. Estuarine (96 acres) and palustrine (51 acres) open water habitats comprise 60% of the area. Only 14 acres of coastal salt marsh and 10 acres of remnant riparian habitat remain. Coastal brackish/freshwater marsh occupy 36 acres or 15 % of the area. Historically the lagoon was a tidal system and had 376 acres of low marsh and 298 acres of high marsh habitat. In comparison with other coastal wetlands, with the exception of San Mateo Marsh (132 acres) and Los Flores Marsh (73 acres), Buena Vista Lagoon is the smallest of the 16 coastal wetlands studied. The next largest coastal wetland is the San Luis Rey River (310 acres). The largest coastal wetland in the region is Mission Bay (2,517 acres).

The author found no data on benthic invertebrates or fish and minimal data on the avifauna. California Least Terns and Brown Pelicans forage in the lagoon. California Least Terns and Light-footed Clapper Rails nest here.

Table 1. Habitat Types in Buena Vista Lagoon (Baczkowski, S. 1993).

Habitat Type	Acreage	Percent
Estuarine open water	96	39
Palustrine open water	51	21
Southern coastal salt marsh	14	6
Coastal brackish/freshwater marsh	36	15
Riparian	10	4
Beach	2	1
Palustrine/riverine flats	14	6
Ruderal	15	6
Nonvegetated	8	3
Total	246

Bradshaw, J.S. and P.J. Mudie. 1972. Some Aspects of Pollution in San Diego County Lagoons. Calif. Mar. Res. Comm., CalCOFI Rept. 16: 84-94.

Although most of this paper focuses on Batiquitos, San Elijo, Del Mar, and Los Penasquitos lagoons, some data are provided on other coastal wetlands, including Buena Vista Lagoon. The paper discusses the problems of excess nutrients and eutrophication. Buena Vista Lagoon lacks tidal flushing and has a limited brackish water flora and fauna. About 2 m gal/day of wastewater was discharged to the lagoon prior to 1966. [Between 1959 and 1964, the discharge flow rates from the Carlsbad Sewage Treatment Plant ranged from 0.6-0.45 m gals/day or 672-505 acre/ft/day]. To facilitate comparisons of nutrient discharge rates amongst lagoons, the authors calculated a "nutrient concentration factor" based on the ratio of pollutant concentration in a lagoon to the pollutant concentration in the effluent (corrected for tidal prism, lagoon volume, etc.). Buena Vista Lagoon had an effluent discharge rate of 0.669 ft3 x 10 {3}/day of irrigation water; a lagoon volume of 28.7 m ft3 at MHHW, salinity range of 2-6 ppt, and a nutrient concentration factor of 0.64 x 10 {-2}; the lowest of all the lagoons. N02 - N ranged from 0.05-0.10 ug-at/l and averaged 0.05 ug-at/l, and N03 - N ranged from 0.5-0.6 ug-at/l and averaged 0.5 ug-at/l.

Browne & Vogt. 1982. Buena Vista Lagoon Watershed Enhancement Program. Draft Report on the Engineering Analysis of the Buena Vista Lagoon Watershed. Tech. Report submitted to City of Carlsbad (Carlsbad, CA) and State Coastal Conservancy (Oakland, CA) by Browne & Vogt (Vista, CA). 15 pp.

This study is Part 1 of a 2-part investigation. Part 2 was conducted by June Applegate & Associates and Philip Williams & Associates (1985). This report evaluates sedimentation and erosion control in the Buena Vista Lagoon watershed and identifies sites suitable for construction of sedimentation and erosion control structures as well as engineering specifications and preliminary cost estimates. A HEC-1 hydraulic model analysis of the watershed was done by Leeds Hill, and Jewett, Inc. (San Francisco, CA). The stimulus for the study was the accumulation of sediments in Buena Vista Lagoon. Structures considered and assessment of their use in Buena Vista Creek included:

á Sedimentation basins. Maintains a constant water level, requires maintenance, and is most effective for sandy sediments due to temporary detention time. Poor solution.

á Detention basins. Do not maintain a constant water level, release runoff at rate allowed by discharge pipe diameter, and control downstream erosion by collecting runoff and releasing at lower flow rates and over a greater period of time. Best solution.

á Drop structures. Reduce water energy by dropping water to a lower level, and reduce downstream erosion and add streambed stability. A series of drop structures reduces the slope of the steam bed. Value is lost if steam changes course. Average solution.

á Channel revetment. Protects against erosion of channel bed and sides, but tends to increase stream flow rates and sediment transport; especially at the end of the revetment area. Construction typically requires grading of the streambed and is expensive. Poor solution.

á On-site controls. Control of erosion outside of the streambed.

Buena Vista Creek has been designated as open space or natural area. It is an erodible natural channel that exhibits few of any of these kinds of control structures. Consequently, Buena Vista Creek will continue to convey sediment to Buena Vista Lagoon. Urbanization of the watershed contributes to erosion of the streambed. Heavy runoff during 1978-1980 caused substantial streambed erosion East of Emerald Drive (a major source of erodible sandy sediments) and deposition of sediments in Buena Vista Lagoon. Lagoon deposits were evident at the terminus of Buena Vista Creek as a layer of silty fine sands overlying a silt-clay layer, but these sandy sediments were not evident in the West end of the West Basin. The source of the silt-clay sediments is the entire watershed. The sandy sediments probably settle out within about 5 days, whereas the silt-clay sediments may take about 4 weeks to settle out. Consequently, no sedimentation basin could remove the suspended silt-clay fraction that was transported to the lagoon nor would any of the other erosion control structures. The authors concluded that detention basins would be the best solution for controlling creek bed erosion and for reducing transport of sandy sediments to the lagoon. 73 potential sites for constructing detention basins were identified. However, no structural solution was proposed for controlling transport of silts and clays to the lagoon.

The HEC-1 model was used to estimate runoff characteristics for the existing and future land use conditions for each of the 59 subareas comprising the entire watershed and to develop criteria for erosion control in each subarea. Precipitation intensities for 10, 25, 50, and 100-year storms were used in the analysis to calculate outflow hydrographs for each subarea, which were then combined in various ways to yield 4 alternative plans for overall erosion control for the whole watershed as follows:

á Alternative 1. Build 3 detention basins, a weir, and divert flows to an abandoned sewage treatment pond for detention. However, the basins would not reduce erosion for peak runoff events.

á Alternative 2. Build 9 detention basins which would be effective in reducing erosion in the eastern watershed, but not in the western watershed.

á Alternative 3. This alternative is the same as Alt. 2 except that one detention basin was eliminated in the central watershed.

á Alternative 4. This alternative protects the tributary channels that feed the creek, rather than protecting erosion of the bed within the creek.

The authors concluded that the modeling results showed that detention basins constructed in the eastern watershed would be effective in reducing local peak rate erosion, but not in the central and lower reaches of Buena Vista Creek. A detention basin in the central reach would have to be larger than existing land use would permit. In summary, the Buena Vista Lagoon watershed is too urbanized to enable construction of sufficient detention basins at the right locations. Drop structures are cost effective, but of limited value, and channel revetment is effective, but expensive. Channel revetment is recommended for the reach between El Camino Real to Melrose Drive.

Other scenarios for controlling sedimentation in Buena Vista Lagoon that were mentioned, but not analyzed in detail included the following:

á Dredging Lagoon. Implement a routine maintenance dredging program.

á Lagoon Sediment Hole. Dredge a deep hole at the terminus of Buena Vista Creek to trap only sandy sediments, and redredge as needed.

á Removable Weir. Replace the existing weir at the mouth of the lagoon with a removable weir that would facilitate flushing of the lagoon during episodes of high stormwater runoff, and maintain the existing water level at all other times. This may also require dredging a channel down the middle of the lagoon to facilitate more rapid flow.

á Graded Creek Channel. Grade an enlarged creek bed channel to slow the rate of runoff and revegetate.

The authors concluded that no one solution was evident, but recommended the following to control the source of [sandy] sediments and to manage deposition of fine sediments in the lagoon:

1. Improve the creek bed channel between College Blvd. and Pomelo Drive.

2. Evaluate methods for use of a removable weir at the lagoon mouth and its effectiveness for removal of silts from the lagoon.

3. Construct and manage the removable weir.

Buena Vista Lagoon Foundation. ----. Chronology of Buena Vista Lagoon. Prepared by the Buena Vista Lagoon Foundation (Carlsbad, CA). 4pp.

This report provides a brief summary of important events relevant to the lagoon that were compiled from CDFG records, an anonymous proposal for establishing the Buena Vista Lagoon State Park (1966), other sources.

California Department of Transportation, Engineering Geology Branch, 1982, Geologic Investigation and Soil Analysis of Buena Vista Lagoon, Oceanside, San Diego County.

Caffery, C. 1993. California Least Tern Breeding Survey. Ca. Dept. Fish & Game. Nongame Bird & Mammal Sec. Rep. 93-11. 35 pp.

California Wetlands Information System. 1997. http://ceres.ca.gov/wetlands/geo_info/so_cal/buena_vista.html.

This web page provides a brief overview of general information, land use, hydrology, water quality, animal use, and future outlook for Buena Vista Lagoon. 13 sources of information were referenced.

Cain, W.C. 1982. Geologic Investigation and Soil Analysis of Buena Vista Lagoon, Oceanside, Ca. Tech. Report prepared for California Department of fish and Game (Sacramento, CA) by California Department of Transportation, Transportation Laboratory, Materials and Research, Engineering Geology Branch. 10 pp.

The purpose of this study was to determine the engineering properties of sediments in the East Basin prior to dredging. Field data were collected during November 1981, and included 1 rotary boring, 14 two inch sampler probes, and 7 had dug test pits. In addition 16 samples were taken by the CDFG for analysis of pesticides and heavy metals, but these data were not reported. The report mentions that a foundation investigation was conducted in the East Basin for the proposed I-5 Freeway bridge (Bridge No. 57-277). The log of the test borings indicated that the lagoon had filled to an elevation of +1.5 ft since construction of the weir in the early 1940's. Recent measurements near these boring sites indicted that the elevation had increased to +3.6 ft from accumulation of silty clay. Runoff from Buena Vista Creek occurring during the last 4 years [1978-1982?] has caused deposition of a sand layer (ranging in thickness from a few inches to 2.5 ft) on top of the silt and clay deposit in the East Basin. Analysis of the grain size characteristics of this sand layer revealed average values of 0.25% coarse sand, 8.75% medium sand, 60.75% fine sand, 27.25% silt, and 3.0 % clay (n=4); classifying this sediment as silty fine sand. The moisture content was 10.5 - 19.9%. The silt and clay deposit occurs throughout the lagoon and ranges in thickness from 6.5 ft near the highway bridge to 2 ft at the East end of the East Basin. The silt and clay deposit overlies a deposit of fine sands that extend to a depth of -45 ft or more and contain pelecypod and gastropod shell materials. Analysis of the grain size characteristics of this mud deposit revealed values of 0% coarse sand, 1% medium sand, 10% fine sand, 56% silt, and 33 % clay (n=1); classifying this sediment as silty clay. The moisture content was 50 - 110% and the shrinkage factor was 46%. The report discussed limitations of the use of the dredge material for construction, channel side slopes, and dredge spoil dewatering time. It also mentioned that a weir could be constructed near the I-5 Freeway to an elevation of +8.0 ft, to minimize the volume of sediments that would have to be dredged, without causing any problems to the existing shoreline.

California Coastal Conservancy. 1989. The Coastal Wetlands of San Diego County. 65 pp.

This report provides a brief description of 13 San Diego County coastal wetlands, including Buena Vista Lagoon. Buena Vista Lagoon is 220 acres, the watershed is 20 mi2, and Buena Vista Creek is the main tributary. The lagoon was originally tidal, probably closed during summer, was fed by artesian springs, and had several acres of duck club ponds. The railroad was built in 1881, Pacific Coast Highway in 1912, and the I-5 Freeway in 1965. The weir at the mouth of he lagoon was built in 1940. In the 1960's a 100 acre marsh was filled in at the East end to construct a shopping center. Wastewater was discharged directly into the lagoon until 1967. Most of the lagoon is a State Ecological Reserve managed by the CDFG, the rest is privately owned. Least terns forage in the lagoon and have attempted to nest on the islands in the East Basin.

The lagoon has experienced extreme sedimentation due to urbanization of the watershed and increased peak stormwater flows. Significant creek bed erosion occurred during 1978-79, and $1 million was spent to remove a portion of the deposit from the East Basin to construct 4 islands. The State Coastal Conservancy and local cities have been trying to reduce the peak flow rates to reduce the rate of creek bed erosion and sedimentation to the lagoon. They are also trying to preserve and restore riparian habitat in Buena Vista Creek. Fishing is permitted within the lagoon.

California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology, 1996, Geologic Maps of the Northwestern Part of San Diego County, California: Plate 1 - Geologic Maps of the Oceanside, San Luis Rey, and San Marcos 7.5' Quadrangles; and Plate 2 - Geologic Maps of the Encinitas and Rancho Santa Fe 7.5' Quadrangles, DMG Open-File Report 96-02.

California Department of Fish and Game. 1989. Buena Vista Lagoon Ecological Reserve Interim Management Plan. 10 pp, plus Appendix.

This draft document establishes a Land Management Plan for Buena Vista Lagoon. It includes sections on an Introduction (history of land acquisition, objectives, significance); Description (acreage, hydrology, habitats, fish and wildlife); Land Use (ownership, access); Management Recommendations (goals, environmental review); Operations and Maintenance (projects, protection, monitoring, staffing); and species lists of plants, birds, reptiles and amphibians, mammals, and rare, threatened or endangered species. Management goals include:

1. Maintain existing habitats.

2. Cattail control.

3. Sediment control.

4. Maintain California Least Tern islands.

5. Domestic waterfowl removal and control.

6. Mosquito control.

7. Boundary survey.

8. Vegetation around tern islands.

9. Trails.

10. Interpretive facilities.

11. Research.

12. Continue fishing.

13. Monitor visitor use.

14. Improve fishing habitats.

15. Competing species control.

Management projects include:

1. Native plant garden.

2. Posting.

3. Fencing.

4. Exotic vegetation control.

5. Plant native vegetation.

6. Build photography blind.

7. Bird observation tower.

Carpelan, L. H. 1960. Report on the Southern California Coastal Lagoon Development Project (WC-103). Tech. Rep. prepared by University of California at Riverside (Riverside, California). 28 pp.

This is a comparative study of Buena Vista, San Elijo, Del Mar [San Dieguito], and Los Penasquitos Lagoons and contrasts physical and chemical factors, and fish. Buena Vista Lagoon receives input from Buena Vista Creek and effluent from the cities of Carlsbad and Vista. Salinity ranged from 2.0-6.4 ppt while pH ranged from 6.9 (spring) to 10.5 (summer). Oxygen was never depleted even though the surface of the lagoon may become covered with algae. The lower portions of the lagoon [Central and West Basins] are meiomesohaline or brackish, while the upper portion [East Basin] was oligohaline or freshwater.

Fish species present and their forage base included:

á Mosquito fish Gambusia affinis Ostracods, diatoms, ciliates, water boatman

á Green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus Tendipes larvae, corixids, ostracods, copepods, cladocerans, Gambusia

á Catfish Ictalurus melas Cladocerans

á California killifish Fundulus parvipenni Cladocerans, Tendipes, ostracods

á Mullet Mugil cephalus ?

Carpelan, L.H. 1960. Supplementary Report on the Southern California Coastal Lagoon Development Project (WC - 103). Tech. Rep. prepared by University of California at Riverside (Riverside, California). 36 pp.

This report presents additional results on plant nutrients, invertebrates, and phytoplankton to a report submitted earlier (Carpelan 1960).

Chemical Characteristics. The salinity regime was fairly stable and ranged from 2.0-6.4 ppt. Ammonia-N ranged from about 50-450 ug-at/l and exhibited strongly seasonality; low values during summer and fall, and high values during winter. Phosphate also showed the same seasonality and values ranged from about 10-80 ug-at/l. The basins behave differently because input from Buena Vista Creek reduces salinity in the East Basin while input of sewage from the Carlsbad sewage treatment plant increases ammonia in the lower portion of the lagoon [Railroad Basin]; here (Station B) the bottom sediments are black, whereas the Central (Station C) and East (Station E) Basins have relatively sandy bottoms. Although the discharge from Buena Vista Creek contains wastewater, it is completely oxidized upon reaching the lagoon.

Invertebrates. The benthos were sampled with an Ekman-type dredge [grab] and included the following:

á Gastropoda Lymnaea

á Ostracoda ?

á Diptera Tendipes tentans or monilis

Pentaneura monilis

Zooplankton were sampled with a Wisconsin-type net and included the following:

á Rotifera Brachionus plicatilis

Brachionus angularis

Keratella quadrata

Polyarthra vulgaris

Hexarthra mira

á Branchiopoda Daphnia magna

á Copepoda ?

Changes in invertebrate abundances indicated that food for fish is present all year for both filter feeders and bottom feeding fish. Due to the abundances of phytoplankton and zooplankton, the author concluded that warm-water inland sport fish could be introduced. However, rapid salinity changes and pollution (as indicated by the kinds of phytoplankton species) could upset this food chain.

Carpelan, L.H. 1969. Physical Characteristics of Southern California Coastal Lagoons. Lagunas Costeras, Un Simposio. Mem. Simp. Intern. Lagunas Costeras. UNAM-UNESCO, Nov. 28-30, 1969. Mexico, D.F.: 319-334.

This paper compares physical and chemical data collected at 4 lagoons in San Diego County: Buena Vista, San Elijo, Del Mar [San Dieguito], and Los Penasquitos lagoons. The lagoons are fed by intermittent streams, frequently blocked off from the ocean, and most are subject to eutrophication due to discharge of sewage. Salinities range from brackish water (2 ppt) to hypersaline (96 ppt). Buena Vista Lagoon may remain cut off from the ocean for years. Buena Vista Lagoon was sampled in the middle of the Railroad, Central, and East Basins. The lagoon is about 0.6 km wide, 1 m deep, and is fed regularly by freshwater, the level of which is maintained by outfall pipes to the sea. Cattails and tules are present. The salinity was relatively uniform throughout the lagoon and ranged from about 2-6 ppt, while temperature ranged from 9-31 C. The temperature regime showed strongly seasonality: Summer 25-28 C, Winter 13-14 C, and Spring 19-25 C. The sewage effluent was mineralized before discharge and the BOD was about 6-8 ppm. Oxygen depletion was not observed. Changes in ammonia showed uptake by algae in summer and regeneration during winter; concentrations ranged from about 50-180 ug-at/l (NH4 -N). PO4 - P showed similar seasonal patterns and concentrations ranged from 10-60 ug at/l. Biologically these lagoons are unstable environments and show large variability, but little gradient from inlet to the head end when inputs or tidal flushing is absent. When flows do occur rapid changes occur. Extreme shallow water conditions enables larger temperature changes and increased productivity, hence changes in pH and dissolved oxygen. Decomposition of excess plant productivity enables recycling of nutrients and increased eutrophication.

Chang, H.H. 1986. Sediment Study for Buena Vista Creek. Tech. Report prepared for City of Vista (Vista, CA) by Howard H. Chang. 24 pp.

Introduction. Since flows in Buena Vista Creek are ephemeral, sediment transport is episodic and associated with stormwater runoff, especially during major storms, and sediment storage and depletion varies along the length of the creek. The purpose of this study was to investigate the design and impacts of construction of the proposed channel improvements on the sediment delivery of Buena Vista Creek. The proposed improvements include:

á Vista Channel (Vista): 3,320 ft in length.

á Sherman Channel (Carlsbad): 1,800 ft in length.

á Detention Basins (Vista):

á Detention Basins (Carlsbad):

The study investigated the following elements using the Soil Conservation Service's TR-20 hydraulic model for 10, 25, 50, and 100 year flood events:

á Hydraulic geometries of the proposed improvements for sediment detention and flood attenuation.

á Existing and future hydrology of Buena Vista Creek.

á Sediment yield from subbasins.

á Water and sediment routing and delivery during flood events for existing and future conditions.

á Mean annual sediment yield for existing and future conditions.

Sediment Yield for Subbasins. Although, the channels will increase peak flow rates, and the basins will reduce peak flow rates, the net effect is a reduction in peak discharge rates. Parameters used to estimate sediment yield included climate, watershed slope, soil texture, soil aggregation/disperison, and vegetative cover. The mean annual sediment yield was computed for 7 subbasins. The yield for the entire watershed (19.82 mi2) was 8,202 tons/yr (6,500 yd3/yr) or 414 tons/mi2/yr in contrast to the value of 76,000 yd3/yr estimated by Applegate (1985).

Sediment Yield for Buena Vista Creek. The model Fluvial was used to estimate the water and sediment delivery ratres for existing and future conditions for 10, 25, and 100 year storm events. Model parameters included initial cross sections, channel roughness, initial bed-material composition, inflow hydrograph, tidal variation, and physical constraints. Volumes of bed sediment delivery to the lagoon entrance for existing conditions for a 10, 25, and 100 year storm were 43,290, and 1,800 yd3, and were 43,160, and 1,400 yd3 for future conditions; indicating significant reductions for the proposed project. Estimates for sediment volume reductions at river mile 3.2 (45%) and 5.4 (30%) were much larger than that at the lagoon entrance (28%).

Storage of Sediment in the Channel. Estimates of sediment storage/depletion yields were made for 10 and 100 year storms, and showed sediment storage below mile 3.2 and erosion upstream at the proposed Vista channel site.

Conclusions.

á Channel improvements will reduce peak discharge rates and wash load sediment yield.

á Total annual sediment yield is 8,202 tons/yr or 414 tons/mi2/yr.

City of Oceanside and Lettieri-McIntyre and Associates, Inc. 1995. Final Environmental Impact Report for the proposed Pacific Coast Plaza. FEIR SCH # 95081027, December 15, 1995.

This EIR evaluates the direct and indirect impacts of development of a proposed shopping center located North of Highway 78 and West of Jefferson Street, Oceanside, CA. Two issue areas were analyzed that were relevant to Buena Vista Lagoon were 1). Hydrology and Water Quality, and 2). Biological Resources. Technical supports documents for each of these topics were included as Appendix C (Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Inc.) and Appendix D (Sweetwater Environmental Biologists, Inc.).

Hydrology and Water Quality. Two storm drains traverse the project site and convey stormwater from residential areas from the North under Highway 78 to Buena Vista Lagoon. The westerly storm drain is a 54 in pipe that ties into a junction structure North of Highway 78. The existing junction structure is a 40 x 65 in corrugated metal pipe and a 48 in pipe concrete pipe that discharge to Buena Vista Lagoon. The easterly storm drain is a 60 in pipe that widens to 72 in under Highway 78, thence to an open drainage channel, thence to two 43 x 68 in concrete pipes that drain into Buena Vista Creek. Residential and commercial developments surrounding the lagoon likely contribute to input of elevated levels of nutrients and toxic compounds to the lagoon through stormwater runoff. The proposed project would contribute the following contaminants:

á Heavy metals

á Nitrogen and phosphorous

á Pesticides and herbicides

á Organic particulates

á Hydrocarbons

The development could contribute significant direct and cumulative water quality impacts to the lagoon. Seven best management practice mitigation measures were identified for implementation to control impacts to the lagoon.

Biological Resources. A small wetland area of 1.47 acres (1.2 acres southern willow scrub and 0.27 acres of developed/disturbed) located on the Southwest corner of the project site was evaluated, and exhibited limited (primarily avian) linkages (mostly flying overhead) to Buena Vista Lagoon. Also coastal brackish marsh, associated with the Buena Vista Lagoon, occurs at the toe of the Highway 78/Jefferson Street Interchange. This site contained no sensitive plant species, but Coastal California Gnatcatcher and Belding's Savannah Sparrow were observed. Other sensitive bird species using the area included Forster's Tern, Great Blue Heron, Great Egret, Snowy Egret, and White-Faced Ibis.

The report concludes that, with respect to wildlife use, the project site is not functionally related to the lagoon. The upland vegetation of the project site is not preferred habitat for species associated with the lagoon. Also, the project site is physically separated from the lagoon by Highway 78. The report identified no direct impacts to the lagoon, however, indirect impacts could effect the lagoon through increased sedimentation, surface runoff, noise, and lighting. Night time predation may increase due to increased lighting which may also impact wildlife physiology by altering breeding, migration, foraging, or sleeping cycles. Four best management practice mitigation measures were identified for implementation to control impacts to the lagoon.

Clark, J. 1989. Buena Vista Lagoon. 8 pp.

This report provides brief anecdotal historical information about Buena Vista Lagoon. Buena Vista Lagoon was designated as the first ecological preserve in California on 10/4/68. It is a rare freshwater habitat because of its close proximity to the ocean. Over 200 species of resident and migratory birds have been recorded at the lagoon, and Eocene mammal fossils have been found here. Father Juan Crespit (1769) observed that springs fed the lagoon. Hunting was prohibited in 1939. Water level was controlled by installation of water pipes and flood control gates, thus ending historical drainage problems. The Buena Vista Lagoon Foundation acquired 85 acres in the 1950's, and then deeded them to the Nature Conservancy in 1961. Fish species included catfish, bluegill, small and large mouth bass, crappie, and striped mullet. The western most pond [Weir Basin] becomes brackish during the summer due to evaporation. There are about 20 species of invertebrates.

Coast Engineering Group, Inc. 1998. Buena Vista Lagoon Weir Design (Revised). Letter report submitted to City of Oceanside (Oceanside, CA) by Coast Engineering Group, Inc. (Orange, CA), 6 pp.

This report presents evaluations of various alternatives (including a no-weir trapezoidal channel) for modification and/or removal of the existing weir structure at Buena Vista Lagoon and to compute the maximum water surface elevation in the vicinity of the weir for a 100-yr flood event. The 100-yr water surface elevations for each alternative were compared with the elevation of the surrounding properties to facilitate selection of a proposed design in order to flood proof vacant lots located north of the weir. The hydrologic analyses considered effects of extreme tidal conditions. An elevation of 7.00 ft (MSL) was used as the tailwater depth. The invert elevation at the location of the existing weir was set at 5.06 ft for the no-weir alternative. An elevation of 2.50 ft was also evaluated.

The existing weir is about 50 ft wide with an elevation of 5.57 ft MSL. The adjacent channel rip-rap has side slopes of about 1:1. The adjacent vacant lots have an elevation of 11-15 ft. The discharge rate was assumed to be 5,152 CFS as reported by Hunsaker & Associates San Diego (1996). Alternatives evaluated were:

1. Existing weir with no modifications.

2. Construction of a new Ogee Crested Weir.

3. Construction of a new Sharp Crested Weir.

4. Construction of a new Broad Crested Weir.

5. Replacement of the existing weir with a trapezoidal channel.

The authors concluded that due to the accumulation of sediments behind the weir, the weir no longer performed as a weir. Rather, accumulated sediments have caused the lagoon to ... "perform as a prismatic channel with a flat in vert upstream of the weir. The flow upstream of the weir is supercritical, passes through a critical depth at the weir, and changes to subcritica depth down stream of the weir." Consequently, the flow is more efficient and the elevation of the surface water is lower than if the sediments had not accumulated behind the weir. Construction of a new 123 ft long Ogee Crested Weir would lower the 100-yr water surface elevation to about the elevation of the adjacent vacant lots, but would not eliminate these lots from the FEMA 100-yr Flood Zone. Flood protection of the adjacent lots can be accomplished by construction of a floodwall adjacent to Buena Vista Creek and modifying or removing the existing weir.

Coast Engineering Group (Orange, CA) prepared an engineering design for a new Ogee Crested Weir to be constructed at the mouth of Buena Vista Lagoon. The ew weir will be located at the same location as the existing weir, and will be configured as a spill weir. The new weir will be 100 ft long at an elevation of 12.13 ft and 80 ft long at the spill elevation of 5.60 ft. The footprint of the weir at an elevation of 12.13 ft will be increased equally in length by about 30 ft both North and South of the centerline of the existing weir. Rip-rap will be used to line the discharge channel, West to the ocean, for a distance of about 60 ft, and for about 10 ft to the East for the input channel. Rip-rap will also be used to line the side slopes of the channel both East and West of the weir for a distance of about 60 ft. The bulkhead on the south side of the weir will also be used to support the terminus of a 12" storm drain that will discharge runoff from a condominium complex adjacent to the inlet.

County of San Diego. 1970. The Coastal Lagoons of San Diego County. Tech. Rep. prepared by County of San Diego (San Diego, CA). 177 pp.

This report provides a brief overview of each of the coastal lagoons, and good descriptions of physical processes, hydraulics, sludge, sand transport, beach nourishment, and ecology. The description of Buena Vista Lagoon is minimal and duplicates other reports. Dennis, N.B. and M.L. Marcus. 1984. Status and Trends of California Wetlands. Tech. Report prepared for The California Assembly Resources Committee on Status and Trends. 125 pp.

Engineering Design Group, 1997, Geotechnical Investigation and Foundation Recommendations, Proposed (2) New Residential Dwellings, APNÕs: 155-101-65 and 155-190-13, City of Carlsbad, California, prepared for Bob Sukup, The Sea Bright Company.

Gastill, G., and R. Higley, 1977, Guide to San Diego Area Stratigraphy, Department of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University.

Halsey, S.L. 1984. Buena Vista Lagoon Access Plan. Tech. Report prepared for The State Coastal Conservancy in Conjunction with the Buena Vista Lagoon Foundation by the Halsey Design Group (San Diego, CA). 50 pp.

This public access plan was developed by the Buena Vista Lagoon Foundation under contract with the State Coastal Conservancy (No. 81-105) and in cooperation with local cities, CDFG, State Coastal Conservancy, and the public. The plan attempts to balance public access with protection of the ecological reserve, as outlined by the Fish and Game Commission (Register 73, NO. 3, 1/20/73). The plan established 13 Management Guidelines. Proposed public land uses included:

East Basin:

á Duck observation area (Area 2).

á Tri-City Park (Area 1), acquisition priority.

West Basin:

á Audubon Nature Center.

á Horne Street Overlook.

á Maxton Brown Park.

Appendices include data on plant species, cost estimates for implementing proposed land use projects, and recommendations for land acquisition.

Holland, R.F. 1986. Preliminary descriptions of the Terrestrial Natural Communities of

California. California Department of Fish and Game. Sacramento, CA. 156 pp.

Hunsaker & Associates San Diego, Inc. 1994. Hydrologic Study for Buena Vista Creek Basin. Tech. report prepared for The City of Oceanside (Oceanside, CA) by Hunsaker & Associates San Diego, Inc. (San Diego, CA). 44 pp.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a hydrologic analysis of Buena Vista Creek in order to verify runoff quantities reported previously by Wildan & Associates (1992). Hunsaker (1994) employed a different hydrologic method than that used by Wildan & Associates (1992), however, the same land use designations and soil types data were used. The drainage basin is about 21.55 mi2 and is under going substantial development. The upper reaches of the drainage basin contains one existing detention basin (Monte Vista detention basin - Subbasin 2B) and one proposed detention basin (Brengle Terrace Park detention basin - Subbasin 1A). The hydrologic analysis assumed that both detention basins were operational. Runoff from the Monte Vista detention basin is discharged through a 42" pipe and runoff from the Brengle Terrace Park detention basin will be discharged through two 72" pipes and one 6-" pipe.

The ACOE's HEC-1 model and SCS's method of hydrology for drainage basins were used to evaluate the flow regime. The drainage basin was divided into 6 subbasins; numbered East to West. Subbasin 1 is comprised of 2 segments and subbasin 2 is comprised of 4 segments. Subbasin 6 is located West of Jefferson Street and has an area of 2.61 mi2. The following assumptions and data inputs to the model were used:

1. Subbasin Areas: Taken from USGS maps (1" = 2000 ft).

2. Subbasin Bundaries: Taken from existing topography and land use conditions (see Wildan & Associates 1992).

3. Antecedant Moisture Condition (AMC): Assumed coefficient #2; a partially saturated condition.

4. SCS Curve Numbers (CN): As defined in San Diego County Hydrology Manual based on land use, ground cover, hydrologic condition, and soil type. For the undeveloped condition (perennial grass) the CN value used was 82. Average CN values were used for each subbasin, typically averages of about 88-92 were used (i.e. ranging from medium density residential to greater urban density).

5. Precipitation and Storm Distribution: A 100-yr 6-hr storm was used.

6. Kinematic Wave Routing: Outflow included overland flow, collector channels, and main channel.

7. Depth vs. Discharge of Detention Basins: Data from design reports.

Results of modeling for a 100-yr storm were reported for each basin and yielded 13,027 CFS of input to Buena Vista Lagoon and 14,167 CFS of output to the ocean from Buena Vista Lagoon at the weir. The estimated rate of runoff input to Buena Vista Lagoon was identical to that estimated by Wildan & Associates (1992).

Hunsaker & Associates San Diego, Inc. 1996. Supplementary Hydrologic Study for Buena Vista Creek Basin. Tech. report prepared for The City of Oceanside (Oceanside, CA) by Hunsaker & Associates San Diego, Inc. (San Diego, CA). 86 pp.

This study re-evaluates the rate of discharge to the ocean from Buena Vista Lagoon reported previously by Hunsaker & Associates San Diego, Inc. (1994) due to the peak flow attenuation caused by the characteristics of Buena Vista Lagoon. The modeling analyses conducted in this study were identical to that used in the 1994 study except that Subbasin 6 was further divided into 3 segments. The detention characteristics of the lagoon were evaluated by modeling the outlets of each basin separately. A base water surface elevation of 7 ft was assumed, i.e. the lagoon water storage capacity was assumed to be already full.

á The outlet under the I-5 Freeway was assumed to be a trapezoidal channel with a base width of 50 ft.

á The outlet at the Pacific Coast Highway was assumed to be a double 5' x 3' culvert, with the road functioning as a 1500 ft long spillway at an elevation of 10 ft.

á The outlet to the ocean was modeled as a 50 ft sharp-edged weir at an elevation of 6 ft.

The results of the analysis showed a discharge flow rate to the ocean at the weir of 5,517 CFS; reduced from the estimated runoff rate of 14,167 CFS reported previously by Hunsaker & Associates San Diego, Inc. (1994) due to the effect of storage caused by the I-5 Freeway embankment. The discharge flow rate of 5,517 CFS was later reduced to 5,152 CFS due to inclusion of an additional detention basin within the City of Vista.

James, R. and D. Stadtlander. 1991. Survey of the BeldingÕs Savannah Sparrow in California, 1991. Ca. Dept. Fish & Game, Nongame Bird & Mammal Sec. Rep. 91-05. 42 pp.

Jones, F.L. 1966. Buena Vista Lagoon Study - 1966 House Resolution No. 10. Report submitted to California State Assembly (Sacramento, CA) by Department of Parks and Recreation (Sacramento, CA). 6 pp.

This report was prepared in response to a resolution (House Resolution No. 10) passed by the State Assembly on February 17, 1966 that the Department of Parks and Recreation should undertake a study to determine the feasibility of establishing a state park at Buena Vista Lagoon. Attributes mentioned in support of the resolution included:

á Need for preservation of existing open spaces (approximately 200 acres).

á Value as passive recreation and high visitor use.

á Diversity and abundance of birds species.

á Importance of habitat for migratory bird species on the Pacific flyway.

á Local efforts to preserve habitats.

á Donation of land to the state by the Nature Conservancy, Buena Vista Lagoon Foundation, and promised private property.

June Applegate & Associates and Philip Williams & Associates. 1985. Buena Vista Lagoon and Watershed Sediment Control Study. Coastal Conservancy 205 (J) Grant Buena Vista Lagoon Sediment Management Phase 11 83-058-81-48-C. Tech. report prepared for The Coastal Conservancy by June Applegate & Associates. 43 pp.

Introduction. This study is Part 2 of a 2-part investigation. Part 1 was conducted by Browne & Vogt (1982). Part 1 evaluated sedimentation and erosion control in the Buena Vista Lagoon watershed and identified sites suitable for construction of sedimentation and erosion control structures as well as engineering specifications and preliminary cost estimates. Part 2 involved additional watershed modeling, hydraulic modeling of the lagoon, and prioritizing sediment management procedures based on a cost-benefit analysis. The authors hypothesized that if predicted rates of sedimentation occur, the life of the lagoon could be less than 10 years. Two forcing functions dominate the behavior of the lagoon: 1). The weir and historical road fills constrain flushing of bottom sediments from the lagoon, 2). Transport of sediment to the lagoon has increased. Urbanization of the watershed and changes in the flood plain has accelerated peak stormwater flows, down cutting of the stream bed, and transport of sediment to the lagoon. Substantial filling in the lagoon occurred during wet winters of 1978-1981, and led to dredging part of the East Basin in 1981. All estimates in this study were based on synthetic hydrographs and lagoon models, and sediment rating curves derived from other watersheds, not local data, so predictions are speculative. Cost-benefit analyses were valid for the following alternatives:

á L1 and L2: Maximize flushing of the lagoon by modifying the lagoon.

á W1 and W2: Minimize sediment delivery to the lagoon by modifying the watershed.

á WS, S1-S5: Minimize erosion in watershed.

Background. Historically, the tidal prism was inadequate to sustain tidal flushing. However, as stormwater runoff accumulated within the natural lagoon and breached the sand berm at the inlet, tidal flushing was restored for brief periods. During periods of high runoff and tidal flushing, scoured bed sediments and suspended sediments would transit the lagoon and be discharged to the ocean. During periods of drought parts of the lagoon probably dried out. Native vegetation within the watershed aided infiltration of stormwater into the soil, reduced peak runoff rates, facilitated deposition of sediments. Construction of a wier at the inlet in 1940 and 1970 has eliminated tidal flushing and converted the lagoon to a freshwater lake. Construction of rail and roadway berms across the lagoon also altered the hydrology of the lagoon and constrained flushing of accumulated sediments to the ocean. Urbanization of the watershed has increased discharge of contaminants to the lagoon, discharged wastewater contributed sludge in the lagoon, and wetlands have been filled in. Historically, suspended sediments were dispersed over the aggrading floodplain of the creek. However, increased peak flows are now eroding the middle and lower portions of the creek. Vista accounts for over half of the watershed and has a substantial affect on the flow characteristics of the watershed.

á Upper Reach. Has been stabilized by check structures and channel improvements; increasing peak flow rates.

á Middle Reach. Aggraded upper section is now downcutting and eroding. Lower middle section is still aggrading significantly. Modeling results indicate that peak flow rates may double and greatly accelerate transport of sediment to the lagoon.

á Lower Reach. The historical marsh area that trapped sediments has been filled in.

Substantial volumes of sediment, predominantly silt, were deposited in the lagoon during peak storm flows of 1969, 1978, and 1980. While much of the coarser sandy sediments were deposited on the flood plain and in the channel between the South Coast Asphalt quarry and Jefferson Street, most of the suspended load (i.e. sand, silt, clay) was transported to the lagoon where a depositional gradient of grain sizes occurs. Limited boring data near the I-5 Freeway suggests that prior to 1940 the bed of the lagoon was at -1.5 ft NGVD and was comprised of fine sands. 2.5 ft of organic mud had accumulated in the lagoon by 1961, and an additional 2.5 ft of organic rich silty clay by 1982. If that rate of deposition occurred over the entire 200 acre lagoon, then approximately 1.5 million yd3 of sediments would have accumulated at a rate of about 35,000 tons/year. If the source of the sediment were spread over the entire watershed of 19 mi2, this would indicate an erosion rate of about 1,840 tons/mi2/yr. Due to the growth of dense tules, sands, silts, and clays are deposited in the East Basin, organic muds and sewage sludge in the Central and West Basins. Water level of the lagoon is maintained by the elevation of the weir at 5.8 ft NGVD or between 5.8 and 6.5 ft NGVD if a sand berm is present across the mouth. Water depth in the East Basin is 1.5-2 ft and 2-2.5 ft in the western basins. The only remnant of the natural sediment trapping ability of the floodplain is located between South Coast Asphalt and Haymar Street; a region of high aggradation. Based on changes in topography (1978-1985) approximately 173,000 yd3 of sediment has been eroded from the middle reach of the creek between Melrose Avenue and College Blvd. Although, sediment control ordinances exist, on-site sediment control is still not effective. Sediment yield from graded sites can range from 1-30 yd3/acre/yr. The currently graded area of 600 acres could yield 15,000 yd3/yr of sediment.

Analysis. The watershed analysis included evaluation of:

1. Hydrologic modifications. Reduction in peak flows reduces sediment transport and flooding.

Detention Basin Model (W1). The uncalibrated HEC-1 model was used to prepare hydrographs for 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100-yr storms for both the Existing Condition, Future Condition, and Existing Condition with Detention cases outlined in the Part 1 report (Browne & Vogt, 1982). A new model was created for the Future Condition, which included input of soil types, types of future development, SCS lag, and SCS curve number for each subbasin, and assumed construction of 8 detention basins (6 in Vista, 1 near Mira Costa College, and 1 near Elm Ave). Part of the upper and all of the middle reach of the main creek channel was modeled with a bottom channel width of 20 ft and 1.5-1 slopes.

Creek Enhancement Model (WS). The above channel was widened and ranged from 15-40 ft with 2:1 slopes, and included vegetation.

2. Reductions in sources of sediment. Reduces the sediment rating curves.

3. Lagoon Model. Hydrographs (i.e. sequence of flow rates) were computed using the HEC-1 model. Since there were no local data, a sediment rating curve was constructed from data on other streams (i.e. Los Penasquitos Creek, San Onofre Creek, Arryo Trabuco, San Diego Creek). Since most sediment is transported during large infrequent flood events, a large data set is needed to calculate an average annual sediment budget. Suspended sediment data included muds, fine silt, coarse silt, find sand, and coarse sand fractions. Bed load transport was not evaluated because it is mostly deposited upstream. A flood routing calculation was done to determine changes in water level, volume, and flow velocity. Since Buena Vista Lagoon is segmented into 3 basins, additional assumptions were made regarding input, output, turbulence, mixing, and size fraction. Fifty computer runs were conducted to investigate various scenarios, watershed treatments, and hydrographs. The following lagoon hydraulic conditions were evaluated individually or in combination primarily for flood return frequencies of 2 and 100-year returns (i.e. best and worst cases):

á Existing conditions.

á Removal of accumulated sediment under the I-5 Freeway.

á Enlarging the Pacific Coast Highway culvert.

á Increase capacity of the weir by widening and lowering.

á Excavating a central channel through the entire lagoon.

The modeling results are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1. Summary of watershed simulations.

Simulation	Watershed Condition	Lagoon Condition	Ave. Annual Sediment (Tons) Accumulation	Per Cent Reduction
1	Existing	Existing	32,970	N.A.
2	Future	Existing	73,550	0
3	Future	Future Comb.	64,230	13
4	Future	Future Comb. w/ Channel	56,280	23
5	Existing w/detention	Existing	25,490	65
6	Existing w/detention	Future Comb. w/channel	19,840	73
7	Future	Existing	191,500	0
8	Future w/detention	Existing	153,600	20
9	Future w/detention of floodplain	Existing	105,100	45

Under existing conditions, the average annual sediment accumulation is about 33,000 tons/yr or about 0.1 ft/yr over the entire lagoon. The authors concluded that at this rate the lagoon would fill in 20 - 30 years. At a lagoon sediment trapping efficiency rate of 90%, the sediment yield would be about 1,500 tons/mi2/yr. Future sediment accumulation without any controls could increase to 200,000 tons/yr (Simulation 7), which would fill in the lagoon in 4 - 5 yr.

Conclusions.

1. The lagoon could fill in 20 - 40 years.

2. Urbanization and filling of the floodplain the lagoon could fill in 10 - 20 years; probably during 2 or 3 major flood events.

3. Two strategies for reducing sedimentation in the lagoon are as follows:

á Reduce sediment input. The most cost effective alternative is channel enhancement (WS) (Initial Cost $800,000, Annual O & M Cost $160,000, % Reduction 32%, Cost Benefit Ratio 2.8) which includes installation of check structures, recontouring the channel, and enabling riparian growth. The next most cost effective alternative was construction of 8 storm attenuation basins (W1) (Initial Cost $92,000, Annual O & M Cost $139,000, % Reduction 20%, Cost Benefit Ratio 2.0). Combining these two alternatives could reduce the sediment transport to the lagoon by about 45%. The third most cost effective alternative is reducing soil loss from agricultural and grading actions. The fourth alternative (S4 + S5) is maintaining the detention basins at South Coast Asphalt.

á Improve sediment flushing of the lagoon. Modifying the lagoon is not as effective in reducing sediment accumulation in the lagoon since the level of reduction is only 12 - 23%.

4. At a rate of 90%, the lagoon is an efficient sediment trap. Tidal action is the only way to increase flushing of sediment from the lagoon. However, since transport of terrigenous sediment to the lagoon is so large, it would still continue to accumulate sediment and the lagoon will have to be dredged just to maintain the present state.

5. Periodic bathymetry studies are needed to calculate a sediment budget for the lagoon. Based on data from other sites, the authors estimated that the dredging requirement for the lagoon is 10,000 - 100,000 tons/yr.

Recommendations.

1. Lagoon future. Increased urbanization of the watershed could reduce the life of the lagoon to less than 10 years. Sediment accumulation can be reduced by 50% by reducing sediment transport from the watershed by reducing peak flows and enhancing the creek.

2. Creek enhancement (WS). Runoff rates must be kept below 6 ft/sec and preserve the middle reach of the creek in present condition.

3. Detention Basins (W1). Build 8 detention basins with maximum peak attenuation for 2 - 100 yr storms.

4. Lagoon Modifications (L1). Implementing all changes reduces sediment accumulation by 13% [26%?].

5. Erosion Control Education (S2 and S3). Essential to implement.

6. Sediment Basins (S4 and S5). Two good sites are South Coast Asphalt and Jefferson Street.

7. Dredging. The lagoon must be periodically dredged regardless.

8. Monitoring. The results are based on models that have not been calibrated for this watershed. Data on precipitation, flood flows, sediment transport, and sediment accumulation are needed.

June Applegate & Associates. ----. Off-Site Impact of Erosion Control. Tech. Report prepared by June Applegate & Associates (Carlsbad, CA). 6 pp.

During periods of drought with low runoff, the only sediments that reach the lagoon are silts, clays, and organic particulates. During flood events, such as beginning 1978, large quantities of both suspended and wash load sediments can reach the lagoon. Boring logs taken prior to dredging the lagoon indicated that a sandy sediment layer, overlying clayey organic silts, at the terminus of Buena Vista Creek were 2.5 ft thicker than in the rest of the lagoon. However, the bulk of the sediments deposited in the lagoon since 1940 were primarily very fine, while sandy sediments were mostly deposited throughout the flood plain. Development of riparian habitat in the creek bed facilitates deposition of sandy sediments in the flood plain. However, channelization of the creek bed (concrete lining, rip-rap, channel lock, and armoring) and urbanization of the watershed causes higher and earlier storm peak flows, erosion in the creek channel, and transport of sediments. As the creek bed and side channels erode, increased sediment is available for transport to the lagoon and less is stored in the flood plain. Grading ordinances are important to implement and monitor.

La Pre, L.F. 1980. Impacts of Commercial Development on the California Least Tern at Buena Vista Lagoon. Tech. Rep. 30 pp. plus appendices.

Abstract. An analysis of the effect of urban pollutants on water quality of Buena Vista Lagoon indicates that a significant threat exists to the fish-eating birds that visit this site. Accumulation and biomagnification of toxins through the food chain results in consumption of high levels of heavy metal pollutants by the California Least Tern. Current levels of toxicants in the water are causing degradation of the fisheries resource at the lagoon. Any additional pollutants added from parking lot runoff may produce effects harmful to reproduction of the terns. The proposed El Camino North shopping center represents a substantial hazard to water quality of the lagoon and to the survival of the Least Tern. Water quality standards that prevent further pollution of the lagoon are urgently needed, even if this action halts all upstream development.

Marcus, L. 1989. The Coastal Wetlands of San Diego County. California State Coastal Conservancy (San Francisco, CA). 65 pp.

This publication is provides a good introduction to the coastal wetlands of San Diego County, including watershed processes, tidal flushing, dynamics, perturbations, urbanization, endangered species, avian migration, habitats, preservation, and a descriptive inventory of each wetland (i.e. location, size, history, land ownership, wildlife values, public access, and problems). Buena Vista Lagoon is one of the smallest lagoons, was historically tidal, but closed off during most summers. It is fed by stormwater runoff and artesian springs. Duck ponds and a weir were constructed. In the 1970s, 100 acres of marsh were filled in to construct a shopping center. Treated sewage was discharged until 1967. Increased urbanization has caused accelerated sedimentation; part of which was dredged to create islands. The lagoon is a state ecological reserve.

Masters, P.M., Ph.D., Sealevel Changes and the Paleo-Environments of the Lower San Luis Rey River Valley 20,000 to 3.000 Years BP.

McGinnis, S. M. 1984. Freshwater Fishes of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA. 316 pp.

McNicholl, M. 1975. Larid Site Tenacity and Group Adherence in Relation to Habitat. Auk. 92:98-104.

MEC Analytical Systems, Inc. 1994. Emergency Response Sampling at Buena Vista Lagoon.

Tech. Report prepared for City of Vista (Vista, CA) by MEC Analytical Systems, Inc. (Carlsbad, CA. 61 pp. plus Appendix.

The purpose of this study was to track the spread of a sewage spill that entered the lagoon and compare the results with unimpacted areas of the lagoon. The primary parameters measured included dissolved oxygen and fecal coliform. Total coliform, temperature, salinity, BOD, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, chlorophyll-a were also measured occasionally. Field sampling occurred between August 23 through September 16, 1994. Most of the sampling was conducted in the inner lagoon [East Basin], but the outer lagoon (Central and Weir Basins) and ocean were also sampled. Measurements of dissolved oxygen were used to track the westward progression of the sewage plume. Presence of a dense stand of the submerged plant Ruppia maritima was reported to have prevented spread of the plume through the main south and central channels of the East Basin and shifted the flow through a narrow north channel to the middle of the East Basin. Early morning dissolved oxygen concentrations remained at 0 mg/l at the East end of the East Basin and in the north channel until September 2, 1994. Measurements made at unimpacted sites document diurnal changes in dissolved oxygen. Strong diurnal changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations were observed due to the presence of Ruppia maritime.

On 8/23/94 fecal coliform values in the spill area ranged from 1.1 x 10{5} - 1.6 x 10{6}, in contrast to values of 2 - 50 cfu/100 ml in the ocean and outer lagoon, and increased to 1.3 x 10{7} cfu/100 ml within several days. Fecal coliform values confirmed the geographic distribution of dissolved oxygen values. Values in the West end of the inner lagoon, outer lagoon, and ocean remained low. Strong diurnal values were seen in the spill area on 8/27-28/ 94; ranging from 1.2 - 6.0 x 10[5 mpn/100 ml in the mornings to 6.0 x 10 {4} - 2.3 x 10{5} mpn/100 ml in the afternoons, indicating higher bacterial growth rates at night. Between 9/2-8/94 values in the spill area ranged from 40 - 600 mpn/100 ml.

Water depth in the outer lagoon ranged from 2 - 4 ft, while the inner lagoon ranged from less than 1 ft near the I-5 Freeway, 1 ft in the central area, to 4 - 12 feet in the eastern end. Dissolved oxygen in the area of the spill initially measured 0 mg/l throughout the water column, and increased in the surface water by August 29 and in mid water by September 1. The bottom water remained at 0 mg/l throughout the study. Salinity ranged from 1 - 4 ppt throughout the lagoon. There was no temperature gradient between the lagoon basins. BOD ranged from 7- 15 mg/l. Chlorophyll-a was lower in the West end of the inner lagoon (22 - 27 mg/m3) and higher in the central and eastern areas (121 - 299 mg/m3). Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen was low in the West end of the inner lagoon (0.1 mg/l) and higher but similar throughout the rest of the lagoon (2.4 - 4.5 mg/l).

The study concluded the following:

1. The sewage spill was confined to the East end and Northern channel (with some input to the northern central area) of the inner lagoon.

2. Ruppia maritima prevented dispersion of the spill to the central area of the inner lagoon. The outer lagoon was not impacted.

3. Dissolved oxygen concentrations in the surface waters had recovered by September 1, and fecal coliform values were low in the surface water by September 2 throughout the inner lagoon.

4. Background dissolved oxygen was typically high during midafternoon and depleted at night due to variation in rates of photosynthesis/respiration.

5. Background fecal coliform values ranged from 0 - 9,000 mpn/ml, but most values were less than 300 mpn/ml.

Montgomery, R.D. 1973. Buena Vista Lagoon Management Plan. Memorandum prepared by Department of Fish and Game, Regional Manager, Region 5, 5 pp.

The proposed Lagoon Management Plan was drafted by the CDFG with concensus from the Cities of Oceanside and Carlsbad. The plan outlines action items for Phase 1, management activities, and management regulations, including the following:

1. Retain and service trash containers.

2. Establish public use facility.

3. Maintain park and observation facility.

4. Feasibility of forage production .

5. Design and feasibility of constructing marsh islands.

6. Maintain public access at 6 sites.

7. Maintain public access and expand public use facility at 1 site.

8. Establish water quality monitoring stations at 2 sites.

9. Post boundary.

10. Prepare wildlife inventory.

11. Maintain old pilings.

12. Remove domestic waterfowl.

13. Prohibit hunting, trapping, boating, uncontrolled dogs, and surface contact sports.

Specific sites for actions are identified. The Lagoon Management Plan was approved on July 31, 1973,

Moyle, P. B. 1976. Inland Fishes of California. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA. 405 pp.

Peters, G.B., W.E. Paznokas, and V.R. Noyes. 1985. A Review of Nutrient Standards for the Coastal Lagoons in the San Diego Region. California Regional Water Quality Control Board San Diego Region. 58 pp.

The purpose of this study was to review the numerical nutrient objectives given in the Comprehensive Water Quality Control Plan, San Diego Basin (9), which are as follows:

á Total phosphorous (P) shall not exceed 0.05 mg/l in any stream.

á Total phosphorous (P) shall not exceed 0.025 mg/l in any standing body of water.

á Total nitrogen (N) has not been established, but assume N:P relationship of 10:1.

The SDRWQCB collected monthly data on nutrients in 6 lagoons, including Buena Vista Lagoon, in San Diego County for 5 years. Results are shown below for Buena Vista Lagoon as semi-annual mean of monthly means for data collected 1979-1983 in contrast to the proposed water quality objective because of the effects of strong seasonality:

	Total Inorganic N (mg/l)	Total Inorganic N (mg/l)	Total Inorganic N (mg/l)	Total Nitrogen (mg/l)	Total Nitrogen (mg/l)	Total Nitrogen (mg/l)
	Oct-Mar	Apr-Sep	Annual	Oct-Mar	Apr-Sep	Annual
Measured	1.1	0.60		2.5	1.9
Objective	1.3	0.75		2.6	2.1

	Orthophosphate Phosphorous (P) (mg/l)	Orthophosphate Phosphorous (P) (mg/l)	Orthophosphate Phosphorous (P) (mg/l)	Total Phosphate Phosphorous (P) (mg/l)	Total Phosphate Phosphorous (P) (mg/l)	Total Phosphate Phosphorous (P) (mg/l)
	Oct-Mar	Apr-Sep	Annual	Oct-Mar	Apr-Sep	Annual
Measured	0.13	0.09		0.28	0.20
Objective			0.16			0.25

Purer, E.A. 1942. Plant Ecology of the Coastal Salt Marshlands of San Diego County, California. Ecol. Mono. 12(1): 83-111.

The purpose of this paper is to characterize the species composition, distribution, conditions for growth of salt marsh plants in San Diego County lagoons. Salt marsh genera present were: Salicornia, Frankenia, Cressa, Heliotropium, Distichlis, Atriplex, Aplopappus, and Cotula. Brackish water genera present were Typha and Scirpus. During summer Buena Vista Creek dries and does not flow into the marsh, while winter flows are sufficient to overflow the entire marsh with several feet of water. The marsh is separated from the ocean by low-lying sand dunes. During summer the channel is partly filled with water, while the adjoining areas are exposed as non-vegetated saltflats, some abundantly covered with algae.

Rager, K.A., C.B. Clifton, and L.T. Johnson. 1995. San Diego County Wetlands - History, Inventory, Ecology, and Economic Valuation with Special Reference to Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution. Tech. Report prepared by Univ. of California Cooperative Extension, County of San Diego Farm & Home Advisor Department, Sea Grant Extension Program (San Diego, CA).

This report provides a brief introduction to nonpoint source pollutants, especially agricultural, and their impacts to coastal wetlands, an economic valuation of wetlands, and status of San Diego County wetlands. A brief fact sheet is given for each wetland.

San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board. 1967. Water Quality Control Policy for Coastal Lagoons in San Diego County and Southeast Orange County. Tech. Rep. prepared by San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board (San Diego, California). 28 pp.

Scott, D. ----. Six Lagoons in North San Diego County; A Study in Conflict. Student Tech. Rep. prepared by University of San Diego (San Diego, California)? 16 pp. plus appendices.

San Diego Association of Geologists, 1975, Studies on the Geology of Camp Pendleton, and Western San Diego County, California.

San Diego Association of Geologists, 1981, Geologic Investigations of the Coastal Plain, San Diego County, California.

San Diego Association of Geologists, 1985, On the Manner of Deposition of the Eocene Strata in Northern San Diego County.

San Diego Association of Geologists, 1994, Geology and Natural History, Camp Pendleton, United States Marine Corps Base, San Diego County, California.

San Diego State University, Department of Geography, San Diego, An Introduction to the Region: An Historical Geography of the Natural Environments and Human Development of San Diego County.

Shaw, L.R. ----. Report of Buena Vista Lagoon Committee - Preliminary Draft. 13 pp.

This report presents the rationale for establishment of the Buena Vista Lagoon Committee in order to protect the lagoon from proposed filling, development of private property, and diversion of water sources associated with the lagoon. The Committee initiated formal meetings in spring 1965 and developed a plan for establishing a 435 acre multi-purpose park, 1/3 of which would be water; most of which is privately owned. Property owners agreed to turn land over to a public agency provided that: 1) the land will not be subsequently resold; 2) the land will be used to establish a sanctuary for birds and wildlife and not used for bathing, hunting, trapping, boating, etc.; 3) the shoreline and view of the lagoon will not be obstructed. The Committee concluded:

á The lagoon is an important sanctuary for migratory birds and has a high scenic shoreline. The lagoon and adjacent Hospital Grove is an important is an important social attribute.

á Since the lagoon was not tidal, and was subject to the periodic drying of the lagoon during the 1920's and early 1930's, wastewater effluent from the community of Vista was used to supply the lagoon via Buena Vista Creek. The lagoon was thereby maintained even during periods of protracted drought. Discharge of wastewater was subsequently diverted to an ocean outfall, and this threatened to subject the lagoon to drying up and to expose the accumulated sludge on the bottom of the lagoon as a potential health hazard by the summer of 1967. Drying up of the lagoon would impact a significant plant habitat and bird use, and that a change from freshwater to ocean water would completely disrupt the existing ecology of the lagoon. Alternative sources of water should be sought. Acquisition of privately owned land was critical to preserving the lagoon.

á Hospital Grove, although not strictly natural, should be preserved for passive public recreation.

The Committee investigated potential sources and types of water to sustain the lagoon, and the extent of water surface area required. Currently there are about 212 acres under water. With an evaporation rate of 3 ft per year, 636 acre ft of water are required to maintain the present water level and area. Natural runoff will not sustain the lagoon during low rainfall years. Use of sea water to supply the lagoon would alter the existing ecology of the lagoon and property owners in the westerly end of the lagoon objected to the presence of pipes and pumps on their property. The Committee recommended use of treated wastewater from the Oceanside treatment plant located at Vista Way and El Camino Real, supplemented by local springs and wells, would be sufficient to sustain 166 acres of lagoon water surface.

The Committee recommended: 1) Preservation of the lagoon as a wildlife refuge and as a living laboratory for scientific education and research is necessary, and 2) the Park area must be of sufficient size to assure multiple uses. The proposed park of 450 acres was comprised of the following areas:

á 166 acres - Lagoon water surface.

á 146 acres - Land surrounding the lagoon including peninsulas and islands, requiring filling in of 60 acres of the present lagoon, 12 of which will be used for a new freeway interchange on the North side of the lagoon.

á 124 acres - Hospital Grove.

Stanbro, P.W. 1971. Buena Vista Lagoon and Its Use. Thesis presented to Faculty of San Diego State College (San Diego, CA). 141 pp.

This thesis provides a excellent, detailed summary of the history and land uses associated with Buena Vista Lagoon. The thesis includes a description of the physical characteristics, biology, human impacts, public importance and land uses, past activities to develop or protect the lagoon, and a discussion of possible future uses.

Abstract. Buena Vista Lagoon, located about 40 miles north of San Diego, California, is like other Southern California coastal lagoons in that it is under pressure for development. Information is required for wise planning of lagoon land use has not always been readily available. This study offers a fairly complete descriptive geography of the lagoon, traces the man-influenced historic evolution to the lagoon's present status, describes its present use, and explores factors that will affect its future.

Many of the physical characteristics of Buena Vista Lagoon are unusual. The characteristics of its water supply, water quality, and surface level have been, and will continue to be, of great importance. Its variety of flora and fauna, especially its over 200 varieties of birds, has helped to make the lagoon widely known and appreciated. Physical alterations by man have occurred, but are not yet to the point where the lagoon's natural status is overwhelmed.

The natural features of the lagoon have long been of importance to the rapidly growing surrounding communities. The lagoon increasingly serves as an important open space and as an educational and recreational resource. Because of community recognition of its importance, Buena Vista Lagoon has had continued organized support since about 1939. This continuous support has been critical in keeping most of the lagoon from irreversible alteration for commercial development. About one-half of the lagoon area is now protected due to its 1969 designation as California's first ecological preserve.

Continued surrounding rapid urban growth, an adjacent shopping center, and ease of access due to the adjacent intersection of two heavily traveled highways all contribute to increased pressure for development of the remaining areas in private ownership. A portion of this study describes some of the alternatives to unrestricted private development such as zoning, easements, and purchase in fee by public agencies. Legal and economic factors and governmental attitudes which will determine the potentiality of alternative future lagoon uses are considered. Questionnaires to adjacent landowners and present city officials were used to determine attitudes of those who might be especially influential in future decisions.

In conclusion the study offers some general recommendations for planning for the future use of the lagoon. A cooperative plan to be implemented by the two cities having jurisdiction is one specific recommendation. It is important that the lagoon, though divided by a political boundary, be treated as an entity when making decisions as to its future use. This study will hopefully facilitate decisions based on sound knowledge.

State of California, California Coastal Conservancy, 1989, The Coastal Wetlands of San Diego County.

State of California, Department of Boating and Waterways, and San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG), 1994, Shoreline Erosion Assessment and Atlas of the San Diego Region, Volumes I and II.

Sweetwater Environmental Biologists, Inc. 1995. Draft Biotechnical Report for Pacific Coast Plaza. DEIR prepared for Gatlin Development (Del Mar, CA) by Sweetwater Environmental Biologists, Inc. (San Diego, CA). 51 pp.

This report is Appendix D of the FEIR for the proposed Pacific Coast Plaza development (located North of Highway 78) that was prepared by the City of Oceanside and Lettieri-McIntyre and Assoc., Inc. (San Diego, CA).

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1973. Buena Vista Creek - Pacific Ocean to Vista, San Diego County, California. Tech. Report prepared for San Diego County by Los Angeles District, Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles, CA. 27 pp.

This report provides background information, a history of flooding in the vicinity of Buena Vista Creek and Lagoon, areas subject to future flooding, and maps of Buena Vista Creek.

Background. Land use within the watershed has historically been primarily agriculture and some ranching. This is expected to change substantially to residential and commercial uses. Buena Vista Creek drains a long narrow watershed of 9 miles long to an elevation of 1671 ft (msl) in the San Marcos Mountains, and about 19 mi2; 18.8 mi2 are above the terminus of Buena Vista Creek. The stream gradient ranges from 68 ft/mi in the upper reaches to 32 ft/mi in the lower reaches, and averages 39 ft/mi. Buena Vista Creek has been improved in various sections, but these areas can not contain intermediate regional or standard project floods. The creek is relatively narrow with overbanks averaging 400-500 ft wide. Buena Vista Lagoon has considerable stormwater storage capacity, which facilitates smaller peak outflows to the ocean. Highway 78 functions as a levee. Mean precipitation ranges from 11-18 in. Three developments occur within the flood plain: A wastewater pump station, a rock quarry, and an asphalt and concrete plant. Only about 5% of the 600 acres within the flood plain are developed. A weir (about 6.0 ft msl) in the inlet channel maintains water within Buena Vista Lagoon, and provides valuable wildlife habitat. Due to the lack of local data, flow records from adjacent watersheds (i.e. Los Flores Creek, San Onofre Creek, De Luz Creek, and San Juan Creek) were adjusted and extrapolated to this study. Of the types of storms that occur in the area (i.e. general winter. general summer, and thunderstorms), high intensity 3-hr thunderstorms produce the largest peak discharges; characterized by high peak flows, short duration, and small volumes. Major obstructions to flood flows include: Railroad trestle, I-5 Freeway bridge, Jefferson Street bridge, Haymar Drive bridge, El Camino Real bridge, and Thunder Drive bridge.

Past Floods. Historical floods occurred during 1862, 1884, 1895, 1916, 1927, 1932, 1938, and 1942. No flow or stage hydrographs are available for the area. Newspaper articles describe flood events in 1916 and 1966.

Future Floods: Intermediate Regional (100-yr flood) and Standard Project Floods (most severe. Flood debris collected on bridges and culverts decreases their carrying capacity and causes flooding upstream. The report estimated that at the terminus of Buena Vista Creek (i.e. Jefferson Street bridge) an intermediate regional flood would yield flows of 7,800 cfs a standard project flood would yield a flow of 11,200 cfs. A standard project flood would flood the Buena Vista Creek sewage pump station, Marron Drive, the Audubon Nature Center and the area between the Pacific Coast Highway and the railroad tracks, the eastern 1/3 of St. Malo, and portions of Highway 78 (up to depths of 5 ft). All of the bridges in the vicinity of Buena Vista Lagoon can safely pass both kinds of flood events. All other bridges East of El Camino Real would be inundated to depths of 4 ft and would be damaged.

Wallace Roberts & Todd. 1991. Buena Vista Lagoon Hill Street/Carlsbad Boulevard Boardwalk Ð Preliminary Concept Plan. Tech. Report prepared for Buena Vista Lagoon Foundation by Wallace Roberts & Todd (San Diego, CA). 7 pp. The preliminary concept plan presents an evaluation of 3 alternative designs for a boardwalk to be located on the East side of Highway 101 that would link Maxton Brown Park with the Audubon Nature Center. In order to avoid the 100 year flood plain the boardwalk would have to be about 4 ft above the elevation of Highway 101.

Wallace, W.J. 1960. Archaeological Resources of the Buena Vista Watershed, San Diego, California. Annual Report, Archaeological Survey. Tech. Report prepared by Dept. of Anthropology-Sociology, Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA. 18 pp.

This report summarizes the archaeological resources existing within the Buena Vista Creek watershed. The watershed is approximately 7 mi long, 2.5 mi wide, and 8,970 acres. The watershed was once occupied by Luiseno Indians who lived along the coast and inland from above San Juan Capistrano to Agua Hedionda Lagoon. Gaspar de Portola's expedition crossed the mouth of Buena Vista Creek on 7/17/1769. The area became a ranchero in 1845 and was used for grazing cattle and horses. Intensive development started with the importation of water from Lake Henshaw, 45 mi away, enabling farming.

The survey covered almost the entire watershed. All 37 archaeological sites were found in elevated terrain, none on the banks of Buena Vista Creek. Site inspections were primarily surficial, with minor excavations conducted at 5 camping sites, and yielded 1,074 artifacts representing 17 categories, and some pictographs. Marine shells were present at 15 campsites. One campsite included the following species:

á Chione fluctigrage Smooth cockle

á Chione californiensis Banded cockle

á Chione undatella Wavy cockle

á Saxidomus nuttallii Nuttall's saxidome

á Ostrea lurida California oyster

á Flagioctenium circularis secuisulcatus Speckled scallop

á Donax gouldii Bean clam

These are all shallow water species and are thought to have been collected from Buena Vista Lagoon and along the nearby seashore. Data were compared to studies conducted in adjacent districts, e.g. Pauma Valley, San Vicente Creek, Fallbrook, and San Luis Rey. These data document the existence of a late prehistoric San Luis Rey complex (Luiseno Indians) and a much earlier Pauma complex, similar to the San Dieguito complex. These two complexes indicate 2 distinct occupations within the watershed.

Weber, F.H., Jr., 1982, Recent Slope Failures, Ancient Landslides, and Related Geology of the North-Central Coastal Area, San Diego County, California, California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology, Open-File Report 82-12 LA.

Welday, E.E., and J.W. Williams, 1975, Offshore Surficial Geology of California, California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology, Map Sheet 26, Map Scale 1:500,000.

WESTEC Services, Inc. 1982. Buena Vista Park Plaza - General Plan Amendment, Draft Environmental Impact Report. DEIR prepared for City of Carlsbad, CA. by WESTEC Services, Inc. (San Diego, CA), 119 pp.

WESTEC Services, Inc. 1982. Buena Vista Center. Draft Environmental Impact Report prepared for The Robert Warmington Company (Costa Mesa, CA) by WESTEC Services, Inc. (San Diego, CA). 113 pp.

Young, J.M., and R.W. Berry, Tertiary Lithostratigraphic Variations, Santa Margarita River to Agua Hedionda Lagoon.

Zembal, R. 1992. Light-footed Clapper Rail Census and Study, 1991. Ca. Dept. Fish & Game, Nongame Bird & Mammal Sec. Rep. 92-08. 38 pp.

Zembal, R. 1995. Status and distribution of light-footed clapper rails in California. 1980-1995. Preliminary report to the California Department of Fish and Game, 28 pp.

Zembal, R., S. Hoffman, and J. Bradley. 1997. Light-footed Clapper Rail Management and Population Assessment, 1996. Ca. Dept. Fish & Game, Wildl.Mange. Div., Bird & Mammal Conserv. Prog. Rep. 97-08. 28 pp.

Zembal, R., K.J. Kramer, and M.J. Elpers. 1986. A Survey of Belding's Savannah Sparrows in California. Tech. Report submitted to U.S. Navy, Natural Resources Management Branch, Naval Facilities Engineering Command (San Bruno, CA) by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Laguna Niguel, CA). 20 pp.

This report presents the results of a census of 30 marshes for Belding's Savannah Sparrows conducted during March 27 - July 17, 1986 from Goleta Slough to the Mexican border; including Buena Vista Lagoon. Primary needs for this species are securing and restoring marsh habitat, renew or increase tidal flushing, facilitate growth of Salicornia, and limit trespassing. The numbers of pairs reported previously at Buena Vista Lagoon were 0 (1973), 5 (1974), and 1 (1975). Two hours were expended to survey Buena Vista Lagoon in this survey. Buena Vista Lagoon contains about 0.7 ha of pickleweed salt marsh habitat located at the northeast end of the East Basin. This habitat is mostly disturbed and poor suitability for Belding's Savannah Sparrows, and feral cats have been observed here.

Zembal, R. and B. Massey. 1983. The Light-footed Clapper Rail: Distribution, Nesting Strategies, and Management. Cal-Neva Widl. Trans. 1983:97-103.

Common Name	ScientificName	Presence	Status
Western Spadefoot	Spea (=Scaphiopus) hammondii	D	FSC, CSC
Southwestern Pond Turtle	Clemmys marmorata pallida	D	FSC, CSC
Silvery Legless Lizard	Anniella pulchra pulchra	A	FSC, CSC
San Diego Horned Lizard	Phrynosoma coronatum blainvillei	D	FSC, CSC
Coronado Skink	Eumeces skiltonianus	A	FSC, CSC
Orange-throated Whiptail	Cnemidophorus hyperythrus	A	FSC, CSC
San Diego Ringneck Snake	Diadophis punctatus similis	A	FS S
Two-striped Garter Snake	Thamnophis hammondii	D	FSC, CSC

Common Name	Scientific Name	Presence	Status
California Leaf-nosed Bat	Macrotus californicus	A	FSC, CSC
Pallid Bat	Antrozous pallidus pacificus	A	FS S, CSC
Townsend's Big-eared Bat	Plecotus townsendii pallescens	A	FSC, CSC
Long-eared Myotis	Myotis evotis evotis	D	FSC, CSC
Long-legged Myotis	Myotis volans interior	A	FSC, CSC
Northwestern San Diego Pocket Mouse	Chaetopidus fallax fallax	D	FSC, CSC
San Diego Desert Woodrat	Neotoma lepida intermedia	A	FSC, CSC
Southern Grasshopper Mouse	Onychomys torridus ramona	D	FSC, CSC
Black-tailed Jackrabbit	Lepus californicus bennettii	D	FSC, CSC

1. CHRONOLOGY OF BUENA VISTA LAGOON

2. PLANT SPECIES OF BUENA VISTA LAGOON

Common Name

Scientific Name

Nest

Source

Status

Loons

Grebes

Shearwaters

Pelicans

Cormorants

Herons, Bitterns, Egrets

Storks

Wood Stork

Ibises

Ducks, Geese, Swans

Ruddy Duck

Oxyura jamaicensis

C

A M

Falcons

Peregrine Falcon

New World Quail

Rails, Gallinules, Coots

Plovers

Stilts, Avocets

Sandpipers, Phalaropes

Red Phalarope

Gulls, Terns, Skimmers

Black Tern

Black Skimmer

Pigeons & Doves

Roadrunners

Owls

Burrowing Owl

Nighthawks

Common Poorwill

Swifts

Hummingbirds

AllenÕs Hummingbird

Kingfishers

Woodpeckers

Shrikes

Vireos

Crows, Jays

Larks

Swallows

Wrentit; Chickadees, Titmice

Bushtits

Creepers

Brown Creeper

Wrens

Thrushes, Robins

Starlings

Mockingbirds, Thrashers

Pipits

Waxwings

Wood-Warblers

Yellow-breasted Chat

Tanagers

Towhees, Sparrows

Fox Sparrow

BeldingÕs Savannah Sparrow

Savannah Sparrow (nevadensis) migrant)

Grasshopper Sparrow

Chipping Sparrow

Lark Sparrow

Grosbeaks, Passerina Buntings

Lazuli Bunting

Blackbirds, Orioles

Finches

Old World Sparrows

Introduced Exotic Species

Common Name

Scientific Name

Nest

Source

Status

Ardeids